Californian Wine Clusters Essay Example for Free

calciumn Wine Clusters EssayIdentify the players in the Californian wine assemble, who atomic number 18 they?Main players are growers, vineyard owners, wineries and automated bear on facilities. Moreover, there are many supporting players such as bottle, cork and barrel producers, CAGR, Research and Education Institutions which are addicted to improve wine end product and services, Distribution Channels to business and direct customers, Bank for financing, Tourism Clusters for presenting, Government, wine magazines, restaurants and bars, food cluster, U.C Davis, producers of equipment which are used in production of wines and grapes. As types of those equipment, fertilizers, labeling machines, trucks, scissors, etc. basin be listed. Government role is important, because tax, production regulations, supports for exporting and production quotas all are in hand of government.What are the reasons behind the Californian wine cluster success?Two key factors in success of Califo rnian wine cluster are hurt and taste. Those two are decision making factors for consumer. firstly their price is cheap, because Californian wineries yield amount is high, tax amount for a bottle is low, production efficiency in the mean area is high, labor greet is low, there is no production quota by government and they are using automated systems for wine production which is more efficient. Those are the reasons that present low price opportunities. Taste comes with wisdom of years in production. Research facilities, wine production and gourmet schools, good quality grapes, fine barreling materials and supporting spices in wine benefit Californian wines taste check and better in years. As support elements, Californian Food and Tourism clusters are helping wine cluster as brothers and sisters.Food cluster has many different kind of best chefs and restaurants which serve very best of dishes with wines which mixture of taste calls for novel customers. Tourism cluster brings n ew possible customers to food cluster and wine cluster. Wine tasting tours and winery tours are stupendous chances for presenting Californian wines to the rest of the world. Beyond all of those, California is in one of the strongest countries andgovernment, trade unions, institutions, powerful people give support to wine clusters in presenting, producing and transporting. Other big competitors as Italy and France are stricken about regulations and taxation which bring Californian wines success.How is the situation regarding the wine industry in France, Italy, Australia, Chile?In competition, Italy, France, Australia and Chile are main actors against California, and old big players are France and Italy. In exporting, France takes the lead and Italy takes the second row. They are the closest ones to EU consumers which are main consumers and they are old player. Over passing decades, Australian and Californian wines have kept the quality up and caught France and Italy. As a result, es pecially French and also Italian wine price levels remained high besides of California and Australia. Also, French government put regulations for production amount and taxation.Australia is a very fast evolution wine producer and their price level and quality is very fine. Besides, many farmlands turned into vineyards and consumption level is demanding day by day. Also government supports export and regulates wine sided. Furthermore, they are very close to Asia which is a growing business in wine sector. Chile has a lower consumption and production according to Australia and California, but their price level is low and taxation and regulations are helpful in terms of improving production and growing wine business. Their wines are carton packed and acidic, and also those give the opportunity of cheap wines.If you were the regulator of California, what would you do about the wine cluster?Regarding wine clusters, firstly I probably offer some marketers to market premium products with better price, and create better brands. I would try to open gourmet, chef and wine expert schools, also more research institutions for not also wine production but also their materials and grape species. I push tourism sector to create especially wine tasting and winery visit tours. Moreover, placing wine and best brands into Californian advertisementcampaigns. earth behind all of those, Californian wine needs presentation, awareness and marketing, moreover good labeling and better brand image in minds. So, to create all syllabus of brands from premium down to simple versions, they need premium marketing advises and campaigns.

Discuss the issue Ethical Business and How it relates to csr Essay Example for Free

Discuss the number Ethical Business and How it relates to csr EssayDiscuss the issue Ethical Business and how it relates to Corporate kindly Responsibility (CSR). With address to sources, provide examples of companies or organisations which demonstrate honorable behaviour and evaluate their motivation. The ideas of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility argon often discussed in a similar manner even though they twain have distinctly different definitions. As the name suggests, the term ethical art or calling ethics is associated with a mixture of both ethics and business.According to Oxford English Dictionary (2010) a business is the buying and change of products or services with an aim of profit making. Ethics, on the other hand is more than complex in that it involves human judgment, between what is right and wrong, in regards to activities and their consequences towards the hostel (Velasquez, et al. , 2010). Chryssides and Kaler (1993) have get outn a ttention to the fact that in the same way that political ethics is related to honouring the right and wrong in governmentalconcerns, or medical ethics organism identified with the morality in medical practice, business ethics can simply be outlined as the issue of morality within the business industry whereby morality is taken to mean moral judgments, standards and rules of conduct (Ferrell and Fraedrich, 1997, p. 5). Therefore, ethical business can now be defined as the ethics or principles that act as adepts behavioral rules and regulations when dealing in the world of business (Ferrell, et al., 2010). On the other hand, reference to The World Business Council for Sustainable Development explains CSR by putting crossways that a business has responsibilities and obligations that go beyond the bleedplace (WBCSD, 2001). This essentially signifies the voluntary commerce that organisations participate in to fulfill the demands of a broader range of stakeholders (Jamali and Mirshak, 2006).Based on the definitions stated above, it would seem that CSR and business ethics share similar theories, considering the fact that both of their nonions go further than profit-based decisions and into values along with concerns for the society as a whole (Mullerat, 2010). Having said that, it is certainly interesting to see that most people are inclined to link CSR with the positive operations of a firm yet when a business engages in a non-moral act, they set the stunt side by side with business ethics or rather, the lack of (Crane and Matten, 2010).The question of how business ethics relates to CSR can now be evaluated more closely. Some examples of issues in ethical business as well as CSR include harming the surroundings and sweatshop labour on top of fraud, health and safety and campaigning (IBE/Ipsos MORI 2009, cited in Irwin, 2010). This essay lead comprehensively explore the motivations of firms that have demonstrated brilliant presentations of business ethics, suc h as Microsoft Inc. as well as examining the motives behind their ethical decisions.Additionally, it will withal look at other corporations that have been linked with having game regards to ethics in business yet have been accuse in making unworthy business choices in the recent years, for instance HMs disposal of unsold clothing items in New York in 2010 (Daily Mail Reporter, 2010). Until recent years, HennesMauritz, more comm scarcely when known as HM has been highly admired for launching the use of organic cotton into the high street clothing (Vijayaraghavan, 2010).Green retail Decisions (2011) reports that it even succeeded in sur enactment their organic cotton goal usage in 2010 by tripling their original aim, manufacturing 15,000 tonnes of organic cotton. Furthermore, the participation was as well as knightly in producing high street attires out of 16,000 tonnes of fabric that have been recycled (Green Retail Decisions, 2011). Be that as it whitethorn, when the firm thr ew away unsold clothes outside of adept of its retail outlets, many were not only left appalled but in addition questioning their business ethics (Daily Mail Reporter, 2010).In the same year, HM were involved in two more shocking headlines in the news, one of which includes the contamination of the organic cotton textile with GM, and the other being a scruple of unsustainably made clothes (Vijayaraghavan, 2010). As previously stated, HM is wide respected for working with organic materials on their products. However, when genetically modified cotton was found in random product test conducted in a research lab, they were left with nothing to be applauded for.Hence, it is clear that this particular typeface study provides contradicting information on HMs aims and motivations towards ethical decision-makings within their business. Even though they have been acceptable in their business ethics, for many of their stakeholders, the four issues specified above may heavily indicate other wise. Another good example of a company with a similar situation is Coca skunk alongside its recent endeavours with ethical crises. Ferrel et al.(2011), in their book write that the company has been facing various allegations regarding their ethical misdemeanours since the 1990s, some of which include racial prejudice, pollution and consumption of natural resources. The claim against one of the worlds most acknowledged beverage companies, Coca Cola, otherwise known as Coke, for the practice of racial discrimination within their working environs was taken to court in April 1999 (Winter, 2000).In his article, Winter (2000) reports that Coke practiced a method of pay scale that is based upon a hierarchy whereby employees of African American background were situated at the bottom, earning $26,000 on average less than white workers in a year. Although the company denied all charges at the beat, the public was intelligibly upset, resulting in a decline of their shares at the end of th e 90s (Fairfield, 2007). As a consequence of this, CocaCola lost one of their main(prenominal) investors and biggest shareholder of 17 years, Warren Buffet in 2006 (Teather, 2006). Having their reputation jeopardised, Coca Cola announced the establishment of a new department to their company, the diversity crowd (The New York Times, 1999). Since the formation of this group, Coca Cola has been voted 46th on the DiversityIncs top 50 list of businesses with the best practices along with coming 6th in The DiversityInc Top 10 Companies for Blacks and Latinos (DiversityInc, 2012).In addition to this, Black Enterprise magazine has also awarded the organisation with numerous awards honouring their commitment to establish a working environment that is accepting of different cultures along with featuring the company in the Black Enterprise magazines yearly 40 Best Companies for Diversity list (Staff, 2012). DiversityInc (2012) also reports that Coca Cola donates forty percent of their human itarian effort to heathenishly diverse non-profit organisations, such as their recent contribution to the Martin Luther King, Jr.National memorial Project Foundation. With that in mind, their ethics in business can be considered as acceptable to the public eye and it is almost unthinkable to think that they were accused of race-related discrimination just over a decade ago. The cases of HM and Coca Cola are referred to in this essay to express the similarity in their enigmatic motives. HMs claim of being environmentally conscious with their utilisation of organic cotton within their business proves irrelevant after being caught with evil acts that were stated earlier.The genuineness of their principles in business ethics is flawed by this flagrant contradiction since one would argue that if their sense of responsibility for the environment were great, they would not be accountable for such unethical activities. On the other hand, Coca Cola only responded to possessing ethics in their business environment after being sued and attracting negative media attention, not including the obvious decline in their sales even though they still remained as the worlds leading carbonated sess in 2006 (Fairfield, 2007).Thus, similarly the sincerity behind Coca Colas motive to develop a diversity group and their emphasis in cultural acceptance is also suspicious because these were only developed and implemented after the public uproar. Although it may be surprising, Microsoft Inc. can also be compared to Coca Cola and HM to an extent in terms of the motivations behind their CSR workings as well as business ethics practices. The co-founder and chairman of Microsoft Inc. , Bill Gates is widely known and celebrated for his great donations to the public.In 2011, Microsoft Inc. won the award for being Most Ethical, beating Google and Facebook after making donations of millions of dollars to non profit organisations and charities, establishing plans of actions for economic dev elopment as well as heightening their means of central reporting procedures (Smith, 2011). Having said all this, it is shocking to note that only just 15 years ago, a board experts at a panel in a well-known seminar held in California could not answer and decide whether Microsoft Inc. were an ethical corporation. (Spinello, 2003).Spinello (2003) continues to write that not only were the panel of experts unsure of the answer, the audience, who were consisted of scholarly representatives did not know how to respond either. This is because Microsoft Inc. has been involved in an antitrust inspection worldwide and some Americans have referred to this item as the antitrust trial of the century (Mota, 2005). The antitrust laws, otherwise known as competition laws were introduced by the American government to protect customers from being exploit by companies who practice unfair competition in the market (Investopedia, 2011).Gates is also the primary shareholder in Americas second biggest bolt out administration called the Republic Services (OHagan, 2013). In her article OHagan (2013) questions how the co-founder of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation can spread the word to publicise vaccinations for poliomyelitis, a indisposition that can cause a temporary or permanent paralysis while Republic Services is locking out its workers as part of an industrial dispute, a policy that may put a risk to the Americans sanitary.There is no doubt that Microsoft Inc. s involvement in charity work over the years have been generous and can be regarded as a model example of a company who takes their corporate hearty responsibilities seriously. However, it is also evident that while their voluntary organisations are remarkable, their business practice leaves with less to be awed for. Hence, similar to the HM case brought up previously, there is a contradiction between Microsofts work with charity and some of their immoral activities in the workplace.It is also comparable to Coca Cola in that it only came to be involved in large corporate citizenship after the aftermath from their antitrust cases (Smith, 2011). It is safe to say that most companies are fighting to prove their good works through all types of methods, charity works in the case of Microsoft Inc. as well as forming a new diversity department in the case of Coca Cola. With thousands of other corporations yearning to prove their sincerity in making ethical decisions and practicing moral behaviour in the workplace, it is becoming tougher to examine just how responsible and principled an organisation is (Kwan, 2012).Kwan (2012) writes that this issue can be solved with the help of a B Corp certification. B Corp stands for Benefit Corporations, which is one of the in vogue(p) kinds of corporate structure, acting as a third party classification to calculate the effects of an organisation to the environment (Fritz, 2013). Balch (2012) argues that the term benefit not only considers social and enviro nmental aspects of a business but also its financial side as well, where he insists that 21st century capitalism would be a hybrid of generating social value together with maximising financial returns.B Corps essentially provides what is lacking elsewhere proof to support that the specific company is in actual fact practicing what is proclaimed by them, hence, useful for firms whose focus is to not only make profit but also putting social and environmental interest a primary concern while doing so (Rosenberg, 2011). Although certifying B Corps to sincere businesses with aims of increasing positive social and environmental impacts secure fair, smaller and newer companies may say otherwise (Akalp, 2011). In their academic journal, Helsey et al.(2013) report that a company must(prenominal) be prepared to invest on their time and money to obtain the status. Depending on the area that they are operating in, the business must able to relate themselves with certain criteria listed, such as providing low-income or undeserved individuals or communities with beneficial products or services (Helsey et al, 2013). Fritz (2013) also confirms that a company must be assessed in accordance to the B Ratings System in which they must strike out at least 80 points out of 200 on top of consenting to changes in their legal articles of incorporation.Furthermore, there is a fee involved, which varies depending on the revenue of the firm (Akalp, 2013). This implies that organisations with strong awareness and appreciation of responsibilities may choose not to be certified with B Corps and thus put across a sense of false portrayal to companies without the B Corp certificate (Akalp, 2013). Therefore, it can be argued that larger companies with a higher source of income can present to pay more to be certified. In addition to this, there have also been criticisms on the marking boundaries of the certification process.As stated earlier, companies need to score a point of 80 out of the maximum 200. Horatio (2012) disputes that this only indicates a 40% passing score for a company to be certified, which he claims as not much of a standard and essentially worthless. With that in mind, a case could be made that there is now a demarcation line to the authenticity of the certificate since large companies can afford to pay their way through the process and most probably pass the low 40% passing requirement.The purpose of this essay has been to convey that most companies, regardless of their past, recent or current reputation are never completely ethical in their business activities and that in one way or another, they have been associated with its share of moral negligence. With the examples used in the essay, it is safe to say that most companies that operate in what is considered to be as ethical to the public are only doing so to receive public attractions, and consequently earn more profits and success to the company.It is important to draw attention to the fact t hat there is a fundamental difference between what a company does and what their beliefs are. Just because a company is praised for their CSR related activities and was voted amongst the best of companies with high business ethics performance, this does not indicate that they are doing so for the sake of the planet or the people. If anything, this essay has been stating otherwise, demonstrating that most ethically responsible organisations are only involved in ethical activities to draw consumers in, thus, increase their profit.

Study on stress management for teachers in Malaysia

Study on adjudicate management for teachers in MalaysiaTeaching is star of the most deformful tunes in Malaysia. The talk on Stress centering for Teachers (Kolej Disted-Stamford news, 23 February 2008) decl atomic number 18d that teaching is a challenging profession and hence, teachers could do with learning how to de- melodic line to maintain upright health and high spirits.There are cardinal main sources of stress which bear upon teachers heavy workload and students problem. Nowadays, a teachers duty is multifaceted as they undertake non unless teaching but besides matters associated with curriculum, students, parents, the school community as well as departmental initiatives.An some new(prenominal) key point to note, the success of the newly launched National Education Blueprint has tending(p) a big impact on the development of the schools and teachers themselves. This plan is expected to produce intellectual students who are able to collect information and take a way intimacy and skills, instead of purely memorizing knowledge. Education system should cater to the needs of all students smart, mediocre, weak or disabled. The success of the National Education Blueprint depends on the teachers ability, quality, skills and authorization in educating students. Teachers are required to catch proficient skills in teaching and educating students to fill upl the governments aspiration in providing world class education. As a lead of this new system, married female teachers whitethorn face an increase in workload which depart in turn affect their work performance as well as their psychological offbeat.According to Smylie (1999), These are tough times organism a teacher (p. 59). Ewing and Smith (2003) account that amidst 25% and 40% of beginning teachers in the Western World countries are leaving teaching or facing burnout syndrome. Over the past ten years, many investigateers focused on the effect of work overload on work-family troth. Gene rally, they found that high levels of work overload led to higher levels of work-family engagement (WFC). From a face-to-face perspective, suggested that the demands that employees have to fulfil considering their resources videlicet time and emotions to establish to work with less devote to their families. work demands require employees to devote more(prenominal) resources namely time and emotions to work, leaving them with fewer resources to devote to their families.Greenhaus and Beutell (1985) define work-family counterpoint as a type of inter- graphic symbol dispute in which component part pressures from work and family are mutually in matched. That is, work demands are not compatible with family demands (Allen, Herst, Bruck, and Sutton, 2000). Allen et al. (2000) reviewed the relationship between work-family conflict and (a) work- related to outcomes, (b) non-work-related outcomes, (c) stress-related outcomes and generally found significant relationships across these ar eas. They concluded that work-family conflict has important personal and organizational consequences.It is important to note that the azoic explore on multiple roles focused almost on women, particularly on women who occupied the roles of wife, mother, and employee. The multiple roles of women may affect the offbeat of the family such(prenominal) as the husband, children and including the wife herself. troth occurs when a family is unable to cope with this multiples roles rough-and-readyly and the result has been found to affect work satisfaction and psychological eud bespeakonia (Greenhaus and Beutell, 1985 Loscocco and Roschelle, 1991 Phelan et al., 1991).In parliamentary law to maintain the health and success of teachers and schools, greater understanding of WFC is fundamental. Consequently, the influence of WFC in the prediction of psychological social welfare is receiving increasing attention (e.g., ODriscoll, Brough, and Kalliath, 2004). This has led to an increment in the number of occupational stress researchers as well as WFC proteans in their estimates of both individual health and work performance (Brough O Driscoll, 2005). inquiry suggests that an individuals self- efficiency in a specific domain provides information regarding how the individual perceive and cope with challenges. In the case of managing conflict that inevitably arise between personal and pro responsibilities, assessing work-family conflict faculty may provide a unique perspective on what might ultimately help to reduce the interdict outcomes namely lessening in life and job satisfaction that are associated with work-family conflict. Understanding how self-efficacy function in the relationship between work-family conflict and these outcomes could bring about meaningful remedial measures for women experiencing work-family conflict.Self-efficacy is defined as, peoples judgments in their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performance (p. 391). Bandura (1977) described self-efficacy as a key determinant of psychological change, resource of settings and activities, quality of performance in a specific domain, and level of persistence when one meets adverse or negative experiences.Having mentioned about efficacy, other soothsayers may in addition have significance in contributing to WFC and welfare. unearthly make do and religiosity that have been found to affect health status positively, including overall morbidity and mortality, shrill conditions, fatal ailments, pain and chronic illness (Levin, 1994). Religious belief has been perceived as one way of coping with conflict. The positive influence of ghostly consequence on well-being was found to be direct and substantial, whereby individuals with a slopped ghostlike faith reported higher levels of life satisfaction and greater personal happiness (Ellison, 1991), as well as lower levels of put out (Ross, 1990). Religious activities especially prayers are usually regarded as positive coping devices directed toward both the problem and personal growth (Folkman, Lazarus, Dunkel-Shetter, De Longis Gruis, 1986).Due to the insufficient of information on the psychological outcomes of combining work and family roles among Malaysian women, the present study is aimed at study the direct and indirect relationships between WFC efficacy, religious coping, WFC and well-being. The study hypothesized that the relationship between WFC efficacy, religious coping and well-being is mediated by WFC. Therefore, the proposed model hypothesized WFC to act as an intervening variable between WFC efficacy and religious coping and well-being among female teachers in Malaysia.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMChanges in family structures are transforming the workplace opus adjustments in parental work patterns are altering family life. Thus, there has been a dramatic increase in rates of paid employment globally among mothers with children. Res earch on WFC since the past 30 years has been fuelled by the growing proportion of employees who are dual-earner partners or single parents. As the number of working women with young children at home and dual-career households rise, so does the need for research and organizational attention towards potentially reducing stress imputable to WFC. Research to date suggests that high levels of work-family conflict are related to dysfunctional outcomes such as life dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, and poor health in individual, increased interpersonal conflict and divorce in relationships, and as for the organizations, namely absenteeism, tardiness and loss of talented employees.Besides that, The National Union of The Teaching Profession (NUTP) Secretary, General Lok Yim Pheng, in New Sunday Times, May 18, 2008, informed that teachers are overload with paper work and they are pressured to train students on how to answer examination questions. Teachers must always maintain the qualit y of their work, try to improve their productivity and acquire knowledge and skills to develop human capital in the globalized world. Moreover, teachers play an essential role in shaping a community as their products of educating efforts contribute to its functionality. These are the demands of teaching profession nowadays.Researchers have identified various stressors that may affect the psychological well-being of teachers and one of the stressor is workload that may lead to burnout. Although somewhat researchers may argue that social status is one of the most important components for psychological well-being (Bredemeier, 1979), it seems that excessive workload could impose an undue level of stress that is more serious than any other stressors. A large number of studies show that teachers are exposed to workload which results particularly in stress and transmission line. At to the lowest degree one third of teachers can be seen as suffering from extreme stress and/or burnout (e. g., Boyle, Borg, Falzon Baglioni, 1991 Friesen Sarros, 1989).Researchers have considered various unique antecedents to WFC (Greenhaus and Beutell, 1985 Frone, 1992). However, the role of personality factors on womens well-being, on the other hand, is less well documented. Only a few researchers have assessed the relationship between WFC efficacy and religious coping. For instance, Carlson (1999) found negative affectivity to be directly related to greater WIF conflict. There is a need to identify how WFC efficacy and religious coping can be linked with WFC and well-being in a causal relationship in the school setting. The present study uses the Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to examine relationships among cardinal independent (exogenous) and dependent (endogenous) variables simultaneously in a causal framework.With regard to personal resources, why do some teachers succeed in being good teachers continuously enhancing students achievements , setting high goals for themselves and pursuing them persistently, while others fail to meet expectations imposed on them and tend to collapse under the burden of everyday stress? Based on this statement, the study examines the problem by investigating the influence of teachers WFC efficacy and religious coping on work-family conflict and well-being of female teachers in Malaysia. If teachers WFC efficacy and religious coping can be proven to reduce WFC among female teachers, it seems possible to increase teachers WFC efficacy and improve teachers coping style utilize religious approach which in turn may boost teachers well-being. Again, if WFC efficacy and religious coping are causally related to WFC as hypothesized, this relationship will reduce teachers WFC and increase teachers well-being respectively.PURPOSE OF THE STUDYIn generally, this study serves the purpose to examine the impact of WFC efficacy and religious coping on WFC and well-being of secondary school teachers in M alaysia.To validate the instruments utilized in this study, the researcher adopted the two-step Structural Equation Modeling. Then, the researcher estimated the hypothesized relationships.The primary purpose of this research is to construct-validate the instrument to assess WFC of female teachers in Malaysia which are Work-family conflict (WFC), Work-family conflict efficacy (WFC efficacy) Religious coping (RC), Well-being (WB) consisted of Health (GHQ) and Job-Family Dissatisfaction (JFD). The study also estimates the relationships of WFC, WFC efficacy, RC and well-being of female teachers in Malaysia.RESEARCH QUESTIONSThe following research questions are formulated to address the hypothesized relationships1. Are the constructs of work-family conflict, work-family conflict efficacy, religious coping and well-being valid and accepted?2. Does work-family conflict efficacy directly influenced the well-being of female teachers in Malaysia?3. Does work-family conflict efficacy indirect ly influenced well-being via work-family conflict of female teachers in Malaysia?4. Does religious coping directly influenced well-being of female teachers in Malaysia?5. Does religious coping indirectly influenced well-being via work-family conflict of female teachers in Malaysia?Does teachers work-family conflict directly influenced by their well-being?Does WFC-efficacy and religious coping significantly correlated?THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF WORK-FAMILY CONFLICTThe model of this study, which is derived from Frone et al., (1992), examines the interrelationships among the two predictors WFC efficacy and RC that may affect well-being directly and indirectly via work-family conflict.This research focuses on the variables that are considered vital to increase well-being and to reduce WFC. The hypothesized interrelationships and interdependency among these variables are presented in Figure 1. The model depicts four measurement models, label as efficacy accounted for the variability in WFC efficacy and FWC-efficacy. First, work-family conflict-efficacy (WFC efficacy) which acts as a predictor or an independent variable comprises work-family conflict efficacy (WFC efficacy) and family-work conflict efficacy (FWC efficacy) of work-family conflict and well-being. This type of personality may improve or increase ones well-being because it strongly affects a persons ability to do a task. Teachers WFC efficacy should aim at reducing teachers experiences with WFC aside from functioning as a personality booster. Thus, an individuals personality plays a role in the amount of work-family conflict that he or she experiences.The second latent variable, religious coping illustrates the underlying factors for positive religious/spiritual coping (POS RC) and negative religious/spiritual coping (NEG RC). In influence for teachers to cope with work-family conflict, they need to choose an effective coping style. In this study, religious coping as a second predictor of WFC and wel l-being may have significant relationships with both dependents. It is certainly reasonable to argue that teachers who manage their religious coping well would most likely have less WFC and a break up well-being. In addition, the relationship between the two constructs namely WFC efficacy and religious coping would covary. In other words, the researcher believes that the constructs are correlated, but does not take aim that one construct is dependent upon another. This relationship is depicted by a two-headed arrow connection as shown in Figure 1. In the current study, WFC efficacy and religious coping will be tested as predictors of WFC and well-being.The third latent variable, WFC, holds the underlying factor for Work-interfering-with-family and Family-interfering-with-work. WFC occurs when participation in the work role and the family role is incompatible in some respect. Work-family conflict can arise from 1) the time demands of one role that interfere with participation in t he other role and 2) the stress that originates in one role that spills over into the other role which, only detracts from the latters quality of life. As a result, participation in one role is do more difficult by virtue of participation in the other role. Individuals who invest more time or more psychological involvement in their work rather than their family experience the highest levels of work-to-family conflict and life stress, which ultimately reduce their quality of life.The fourth latent variable, well-being, accounts for the variability in General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Job-Family Dissatisfaction (JFD) which is hypothesized to represent participants reported well-being. Thus, it is not what the situation offers but rather how we react to a situation that determines our well being. If work and family roles were imbalanced, conflict might occur which would eventually affect the well-being of a person. Effects will range from job-family dissatisfaction to health prob lems, which are viewed as psychological distress.Work-Family negate EfficacyH3Well-being(distress job dissatisfactionWork-familyConflict(wif,fiw) H2H7 H6H3ReligiousCopingH5Figure 1 The Hypothesized Model of Work-family Conflict and Well-BeingNote Exogenous Construct WFC efficacy religious coping WFCEndogenous Construct WFC well-beingRESEARCH HYPOTHESISIn the hypothesized model, six-spot hypotheses are tested to depict the relationships between work-family conflict and the three variables identified above. In the following discussion, each of these six hypotheses are identified and exempted.The Reciprocal Relationship between Work-Family Conflict Efficacy, Work-Family Conflict and Well-BeingStudies have shown that the personal resources that women bring with them into their roles explained more of the variance in reported strain symptoms than the role stressors alone (e.g. Amatea Fong, 1991). Self-efficacy in a particular domain has been indirectly and directly linked to outcome s in that domain. For instance, Lent, Brown and Hackett (1994) suggested that self-efficacy promotes academic and vocational outcomes, such as interest, choice and performance. The conservation of resources model proposes that individuals act to acquire and maintain a variety of resources, such as objects, energies, condition and personal characteristic. On the tail of these findings, the following hypotheses are proposedH2 Those with high work-family conflict efficacy will portray increased well-being (low distress and low dissatisfaction)H3 The effects of work-family conflict efficacy on well-being are mediated by work-family conflict, such that those with high work-family conflict efficacy demonstrate less conflict which will leads to increased well-being (low distress and low dissatisfaction).The Reciprocal Relationship between Religious Coping, Work-family Conflict and Well-BeingIn recent years, a growing body of literature has explored the implications of religion and church property for various mental and physical health outcomes (Koenig 1994). Other findings have also indicated that various dimensions of religiousness and spirituality may enhance the infixed states of well-being (Ellison, 1991). A report by the Fetzer Institute (2003), stated that a few studies in the US show that the subjective beneficial effects of participating in religious services, prayer and Bible reading are primarily due to their role in strengthening religious belief and individuals who describe themselves as having a strong religious faith report being happier and more satisfied with their lives. Most recently, Lapierre and Allen (2006) had used conservation of resources model to study the different coping methods employed by individuals to avoid WFC. They found that some coping methods are more useful than others to help individuals gain or conserve resources. Thus, the following hypotheses are proposedH4 Those with high religious coping show increased well-being (low dis tress and low dissatisfaction).H5 The effects of religious coping on well-being are mediated by work-family conflict such that those with high religious coping portray less conflict which leads to increased well-being (low distress and low dissatisfaction)The Reciprocal Relationship between Work-Family Conflict and Well-BeingWork-family conflict has been found to have a significant negative relationship with measured of psychological health rather than physical health (Mikkelsen Burke, 2004). Noor (2006) presented some selected research findings on work, family and womens well-being. The result showed that women were more strongly affected by the changes in their lives compared to men because even when employed they are still primarily trusty for the home and family. Role theory and spillover theory are the underpinning theories to explain the connection between WFC and well-being. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposedH6 WFC negatively influences well-being.The Reciprocal Rel ationship between Work-Family Conflict Efficacy and Religious Coping CovaryJudge, Erez and Bono (1998) suggested that self-efficacy has a strong influence on individuals, whether they adopt an optimistic or pessimistic coping style (Seligman Schulman, 1996). They suggested that those with high generalised self-efficacy believe in their ability to change bad situations. The type of coping strategy selected has been shown to be related to the experience of work-family strain and overall well-being. Researchers have also found that self-efficacy is linked to the effectiveness of coping (Anderson, 1977 Bandura, 1977). On the basis of these findings, the following hypothesis is proposedH7 WFC efficacy and religious coping significantly correlated.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThis is a fundamental area of study for both researchers and practitioners, as more and more female teachers struggle having to take up with multiple roles in life being a wife, a parent and even a caretaker of elderly parents aside from her teaching profession. Teachers are the main doers in the process of forming a community and students are the products of teachers educating efforts.Due to the above basis, there are three important research areas that need focus namely theory, methodology and practicality.Firstly, from the theoretical viewpoint, less attention is given over to examine how WFC and well-being are indirectly related to efficacy and RC. The studies by Frone (2003) called for the examination of personality dispositions as antecedents of WFC. The role of personality factors on womens well-being, on the other hand, is less well documented. Carlson (1999) found negative affectivity to be directly related to greater WIF conflict. Although many studies on WFC involved nurses, managers, clericals, doctors, lawyers and engineers there were not many studies related to work and family conflict in the teaching profession.According to Kinicki et al.s (1996) review, the basic proposition which states that environmental and personality variables influence the choice of coping strategies, has been generally supported by empirical research, but the relationships between coping strategies and outcomes are dissonant. Research on coping should address both the effects of coping on appraisal and strain as well as vice versa (Harris, 1991). It is vital to note that this study focus on the relationships between religious coping and work-family conflict and well-being. Furthermore, knowing how women study with the realities of their conflicts rather than how they feel about them seems particularly important. Therefore it is of great interest to get a deeper knowledge of the antecedents/predictors of the teachers work-family conflict.Secondly, is/from the methodological component/perspective. There are inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between WFC and well-being. Due to this reason, this study also investigates the direct and indirect relationships concurrently. Ap art from that, this study also examines WFC efficacy as a predictor of WFC due to the inconclusive findings related to efficacy and stress. In the current study, the researcher examines work-family conflict efficacy that may play an important role as a predictor of WFC in increasing teachers well-being. Unfortunately, not much is known about the relationships between WFC efficacy, religious coping, WFC and well-being in Malaysian studies. Thus, this study examines direct and indirect relationships between WFC, WFC efficacy, religious coping and well-being. By using Structural Equation Modeling, the direct and indirect relationships can be simultaneously tested. To achieve this purpose, the data are study using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Additionally, there is only few research on WFC among teachers in the Malaysian macrocosm utilizing SEM. The result of the study would substantiate understanding about the phenomenon of work-family co nflict in teacher population with the use of SEM.Thirdly, in practicality, it is important to study WFC and the psychological well-being of female school teachers. Studies has indicated that many teachers are incapable of juggling their professional and family roles effectively (Elbaz-Lubisch, 2002 Spencer, 1986). Teachers in Ackers study (1992) clearly thought that the combination roles of being a teacher and a mother were not at all convenient. Job satisfaction and teaching competence are important variables in regard to teachers perseverance in the profession. For instance, studies by Certo and Fox (2002) indicated that job satisfaction in teaching was associated with aspects such as workplace conditions, administrative control, and organizational culture. It also touched on how teachers felt about their own competencies like teaching accomplishments and their general feelings coming to work. When teacher satisfaction was examined by Scott and Dinham (2003), they found that it w as influenced by students achievement and personal efficacy. Hence, it may be plausible to argue that a teachers well-being is influenced by job satisfaction and competence plus, reduced well-being associated with work may lead to stress that will in turn affect job performance.This study hopes to contribute to the importance of the relationships between WFC, WFC efficacy, religious coping and well-being of female teachers. Work-family problems, if they are not effectively managed, will not only affect individuals and their families, but also adversely affect their employers and ultimately the society at large. Hence, the responsibility for developing and implementing effective ways to reduce work-family interference and increase development should be shared by organizations, individuals and their families, as well as policy-makers. This study may also do the policy-makers and administrators to implement intervention strategies aimed at managing teachers WFC, if possible reducing t heir workload.Additionally, practitioners are interested in the extent to which various interventions like family-friendly policies and programs, and the supportiveness of the work-family culture would actually reduce employees work-family role conflict. They are also interested in how this can have significant impact on a number of work, family and personal outcomes, as mentioned above. Therefore, future research should be aimed at examining the effectiveness of such interventions.LIMITATION OF THE STUDYFirst, limiting the generalizability of current findings, even though the sample represents the organizations population, they were female. Secondly, the disadvantage of using a mess method is that it influence the willingness of individuals to respond accurately. Finally, the present study is clearly limited by the cross-sectional nature of the research.DELIMITATION OF THE STUDYThis study focused only on married female secondary school teachers in the District of Hulu Langat in Se langor. This sample size was limited to only those who were in one dominion in one state. The researcher controlled the influence of participants marital status, number of children, working experience on WFC and level of institutions (secondary schools) that were expected to have high significant levels of conflict between work and family roles. The presence of children within the home has been identified as a factor that affects conflict. Regarding the influence children have on work and family conflict, research has suggested that FWC and WFC are exacerbated by the number of children living within the home (Kinnunen Mauno, 1998 Voydanoff, 1988). This research also included in-depth open-ended interviews to further explore the mechanisms that explain teachers WFC.DEFINITION OF THE OPERATIONAL identify TERMSFor the purpose of this study, the key terms or constructs under the study are operationally defined as follow, with some elaborations on the definitions.Work-Family ConflictW ork-family conflict has been defined as a form of inter-role conflict in which pressures from work and family roles are incompatible (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985). For instance, when one devotes extra time and energy into one role, the other role is compromised. This study defines work-family conflict according to Netemeyer et al., (1996, p. 401) as a form of inter-role conflict in which the general demands of, time devoted to and strain created by the job interfere with performing family-related responsibilities.Work-Family Conflict EfficacyWork-family conflict efficacy is defined as an individuals beliefs in her or his ability to manage work-family and family-work conflict (Cinamon, 2003). In this study, work-family conflict efficacy refers to the perceptions of self-efficacy to manage work-family conflict and family-work conflict.Self-efficacy was theoretically defined in this study as self-regulatory efficacy, which is a specific type of perceived self-efficacy. The given attainmen t in this study was Bandura (1997) defined a specific type of self-efficacy, self-regulatory efficacy, as the ability to guide and motivate oneself to get things done that one knows how to do. The issue is not whether one can do them occasionally but whether one has the efficacy to get oneself to do them regularly in the face of varied dissuading (p.43).Religious Coping non-homogeneous definitions of coping have been proposed, including coping as a psychoanalytic process as a personal trait, style or disposition as a description of situationally specific strategies and as a process. In this study, coping in the context of religious approach is used. Thus, religious coping is defined as dealings with life effectively within the search for significance towards the sacred (Pargament, 1997). Religious coping includes a positive and negative religious/spiritual coping factor that reflects benevolent religious involvement in the search for significance and a negative factor that reflect s religious struggle in coping.Well-beingKathryn Dianne (2009) argued that employee well-being consists of subjective well-being (life satisfaction and dispositional affect), workplace well-being (job satisfaction and work-related affect) and psychological well-being (self acceptance, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, autonomy, purpose in life and personal growth). In this study well-being refers to symptoms of psychological distress and job-family dissatisfaction.Symptoms of psychological distressGoldberg (1978) has identified symptoms of psychological distress through somatic and affective of distress.Job-Family DissatisfactionJob-family dissatisfaction refers to a respondents perception of negative spillover from his or her work to family (Small Riley, 1990), for example the negative impact of a respondents work demands or stressors on her marital and parental roles.MediatorMediators are intervening variables, which could explain why relationships exist. Me diation exists when an exogenous construct indirectly influences an endogenous construct via a third variable or construct. That is, the effect of a third variable or construct (mediator) intervenes between two other related constructs. In this study, work-family conflict functions as a mediator.SUMMARYChapter one is organized into nine sections. The rootage section presents the background of the study, followed by the statement of problem and purpose of the study. To achieve the purpose of the study, several research questions have been formulated and explained more on the conceptual framework part, a set of relationships (work-family conflict efficacy, religious coping, work-family conflict and well-being) in a path diagram is depicted. Sixth, on the basis of

Internet addiction among adolescents

profit dependency among adolescentsInternet dependence among adolescentsAbstractTodays world is a technology driven world, where both the slew ar linked to the practice session of net profit in one way or the other. Mainly it is the adolescents who use the profits services the around, be it for the gaming purposes, studies or any other. But with the advent of net income technology, life has obviously become easier on the part of adolescents. Each of the innovation brings along with it legion(predicate) of the hurdles or risks. One of the main risks that are associated with the use of net income is earnings addiction among adolescents.Keyword Internet addiction, girlishs, Internet technology, Internet servicesInternet addiction among adolescentsThe technological developing of the mesh in the initial st senesces was designed for the promotion of research and communication among various technological institutions. This is also linked to the utilization of profit by the a dolescents (Aydm, B., San, S. V, 2011). This is because, in the technological institutions, there were mainly the adolescents provided who used the internet for the research purposes. But with the advent of new technological era, HCL Company do various trained browsers that made the usage of internet by the adolescents much flexible and appropriate (Hamid, 2015). Then eventually after the coming in of the smart phones, the usage of internet became more accessible to the adolescents.DiagnosisClinical disorders have been the wholesome-nigh fatal things that have been identified to date in regards to the excessive usage of internet. In the clinical disorders have, it is insomnia and depression that are the closely common among adolescents who have excessive usage of the internet technologies (Aydm San, 2011). Insomnia is on the rise among adolescents who over use the internet because, they are strip of the sleep as they all the time are glued to the internet. Moreover depress ion is on the rise among the adolescents (Esen et al., 2013). This is because most of the adolescents are inclined towards the usage of internet and mainly the social media. As a result, many of the adolescents engage themselves in the fake profiles. As a result, when the bitter truth is out, most of the people go in a state of depression. thereby insomnia and depression are among the top most disorders that are linked to the internet addiction among adolescents.Correlation to Personality Behaviours, Preferences and EnvironmentsIt has been tack together that whenever a person is stress or a stressful situation, people become stressed or engage themselves with the use of internet. This is something that is common among the adolescents. They immerse themselves in the cyber space in order to combat stress. Whereas some others who lack confidence take, escape themselves to online interaction. Also the personality traits like extroversion and gamy emotional dissymmetry are also some of the factors that are negatively correlated with internet addiction and are seen among the adolescents (Hariri et al, 2015). Among some others are insomnia and depression that affect the individuals or adolescents the most.There are various advantages that the internet has provided to the adolescents. Like with the use of internet, it became easier for the adolescents to learn through the e-books. Moreover, they also were able to learn by sitting at one carry through video conferencing via the internet. This was one of the most valuable advantages that the adolescents had with the use of internet (Kuss et al, 2013). Though it also leads to an addiction among the adolescents, as instead of the books, they were more attracted towards the e-books. This lead to all time screen usage, which in a way is not useful in relation to the health parameters.Literature reviewedFirst group of StudyAs the use of technology is in the hands of the user, be it for the good or for the bad. It was se en with the advent of newer technologies that internet usage among the adolescents was increasing day by day, but on the wrong side. This is so because, the pornographic material was easily available on the internet and more and more adolescents age attracted towards it. This is also something that leads to internet addiction among the adolescents. In fact, it is the result of wrong usage of the technology only that the rise of cyber crime also increased (Israelashvili et al., 2012 Esen et al., 2013 Orsal et al., 2013). In the recent studies on the usage of internet, it was seen that approximately 80% of the population comprises of the adolescents only who are abandoned to the usage of internet and are a crime partner in most of the cyber crimes that pass along all across the world.Second group of studyIncrease in the addiction of internet with adolescents, it was seen that there were many of the health occupations also that came across. In China, it was seen that internet addict ion has became the most significant mental health problem among the adolescents. The incidence rate of internet addiction among the Taiwan college students was 5.9% and almost 10.6 % among the Chinese college students. It was also seen that most of the Chinese adolescents who were addicted to the internet faced mental disorders like they often became aggressive and also had some of the short term memory loss (Li et al., 2015 Sar et al., 2012 Usman et al., 2014). 3rd group of StudySome of the main domains of internet that are popular among the adolescents include, chatting rooms, e-mails, discussion forums etc. These are the main areas because most of the adolescents are attracted towards the usage of internet for the chatting or messaging purposes (Hariri et al., 2015 Esen et al., 2013 Aydm et al., 2011). The pitfalls were many when it was accessed in terms of the internet addiction. Like memory problems, health disorders and also the family problems that disturbed the overall life form of the individuals. In the research studies, it was found by many of the researchers that the common problems that existed among the adolescents who were addicted to the internet included, emotional sensitiveness, maladaptation, insomnia and also not been able to express themselves(Li et al., 2015). This is because most of the adolescents in this age are inclined towards the usage of social media. Thereby they get so much addicted towards it that they eventually face emotional sensitiveness and barriers. A subject conducted by Young, 1996, depicted a graph that illustrated the usage of internet by the adolescents and how has increased over the years.SimilaritiesFirst SimilarityApart from the social media, online gaming has been the most significant parameter linked with the internet that makes the adolescents linked to the internet all the times. Playing online games has increased the risk of being addicted to the internet by almost 2.7% every time. Previous researches have i ndicated that unlike the other kind of games forms like the browser and offline games, there are the online games that appear to have the high addictive potential. It is because of this only that vulnerable adolescents develop an addiction as a consequence of frequent engagement. Online games generally demand a large amount of the commitment and time enthronisation and this is what makes the adolescents addicted to it (Esen et al., 2013 Aydm et al., 2011 Li et al., 2015 Orsal et al., 2013).Second SimilarityNegativity was among the other important consequence that has been identified with the increased usage of the internet. With the internet addiction among the adolescents, they tend to go through various experiences that they relate to their real lives in one form or the other. Thereby in the process of relating, there arise many much(prenominal) situations when the person gets negative due to the higher usage of internet (Sar et al., 2012 Li et al., 2015). Moreover, this occurs because the viewpoint is consolidated towards a single side only. Third similarityStudies in dissimilar cultures have stated that internet addiction has only been seen as a concern in most of the cultures, kind of than a benefit. As more and more time they spend on the internet, makes them have less time on practicing on their own. And as a result, they had lower grades as compared to the ones who did not use the internet (Li et al., 2015 Usman et al., 2014). This is the case when the other people in the conversation expect different way of reaction (Kuss et al., 2013 Hariri et al., 2014). The relationship among internet addiction and interpersonal problem is rapidly increasing day by day. These problems are mainly identified when the family members of the adolescents tend to complain about the adolescents who make excessive internet usage.DifferencesGender DifferencesThe studies conducted on the usage of the internet among the adolescents have suggested that there are gender diff erences that have been seen after the addiction to internet. The studies done by the Turkish university have put forward that the male counterparts are the ones who spend more time on the internet than the female ones. Though some of the studies also suggest that the female members are high in number. It was also seen that the addiction among the women on the internet was more on the shopping sites and the other areas (Aydm et al., 2011 Li et al., 2015 Usman et al., 2014 Sar et al., 2012). Whereas in case of males, the access to internet was made mainly too social media and gaming areas. Physical DifferencesThe internet addicted adolescents are very less believably to engage in the health promoting behaviours and rather are mostly against it. As due to the excessive internet usage they are not able to keep themselves fit. In order to overcome this deficiency, most of the adolescents tend to take health supplements. These actually tend to decrease their health and thereby leaving t he internet addict prone to the diseases. Thereby, there are many physical differences also that come across with internet addiction among adolescents (Israelashvili et al., 2012 Kuss et al., 2013 Esen et al., 2013).Work DifferencesMany of the employers have seen that the excessive usage of internet has potentially reduced the level of work, rather than enhancement of productivity. Employers who make lesser usage of internet tend to improve more on scale of performance. And the ones who are addicted to internet, most likely develop a tendency to work less and thereby become lethargic also. Moreover, excessive usage of internet also causes delay of work to be accomplished in a sooner time period (Hamid et al., 2015 Orsal et al., 2013). Thereby the need is that internet usage must be reduced while the adolescents are on work, so that distractions can be less.Thereby, these are the major differences that were encountered among different adolescents who are addicted to the internet.Disc ussionIn order to identify that an adolescent is addicted to the internet or not, there are three basic classic mass media innovations (Aydm et al., 2012). These include surveillance, escape, companionship, identity and environment. It has been proved by many of the studies that the adolescents make the most usage of internet to reinforce relationships that at times also takes them into the negative room. It was stated that among the adolescents, college students are exposed to a higher risk of internet addiction (Usman et al., 2014). This is mainly due to the higher vulnerability of them using the internet for one or the other purpose in the college also.There are approximately 922.3 million, who compensate 44% of the world internet user population. It has been one of the majorly growing concerns, as it is compliable to the health issues also. If talked about China, it is yet another country that is facing the charges of internet addiction among the adolescents. In order to combat the internet addiction, the governments of Japan, China and South Korea have set up the boot camps. These are helpful in providing the therapy to make the adolescents unloose of any kind of internet addiction (Israelashvili et al., 2012).Though there are many negatives that are seen among the adolescents with the use of internet, there are many of the advantages also. Unfortunately, Internet is misuse by some of the groups of individuals if the adolescents get addicted to the internet for the learning and other useful purposes, then no more will it be known as addiction (Li et al., 2015). Rather when one can impart great knowledge from the use of internet if used for useful purposes. It has been identified in the studies from literature that if internet usage is made up to the mark by adolescents then it can reap better returns to them rather than making them an internet addict (Sar et al., 2012).To conclude, it can well be stated that it is in the hands of adolescents only wheth er to use the internet for their own convenience or other means. If it is used appropriately, then it will get along as a boon or otherwise a curse. Future Research and StudiesThe internet usage among adolescents is studied further by considering the various different racist. If university and school used only the sites which are related to the students and blocking all the other sites then it will be advantage for the students that they cannot rely on internet for longer period of time. Further research can be done on the usage of the internet by studying the different universities and combining the studies on the basis of age and sex. ReferencesAydm, B., San, S. V. (2011). Internet addiction among adolescents. The role of self-esteem. Procedia- sociable and Behavioural Science, 15, 3500-3505. Doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.325.Esen, B. K., Aktas, E., Tuncer, I. (2013). An Analysis of University Students Internet Use in Relation to Loneliness and Social Self-efficacy.Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences,84, 15041508. doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.780Hamid, S., Waycott, J., Kurnia, S., Chang, S. (2015). Understanding students perceptions of the benefits of online social networking use for teaching and learning.TheInternetandHigherEducation,26,19.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.02.004Hariri, M. T. Al-, Hattami, A. A. Al-. (2015). Utilization of internet by health collegesstudents at the University of Dammam.Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences,10(1), 6673. doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2015.01.006Israelashvili, M., Kim, T., Bukobza, G. (2012). Adolescents over-use of the cyber world Internet addiction or identity exploration?Journal of Adolescence,35(2), 417424. doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.07.015Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D., Binder, J. F. (2013). Internet addiction in students Prevalence and risk factors.Computers in homo Behaviour, 29(3), 959966. doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.024Li, W., OBrien, J. E., Snyder, S. M., Howard, M. O. (2015). Characteristics of Internet Addiction/Pathological Internet Use in U.S. University Students A Qualitative-MethodInvestigation.PLOSONE,10(2).doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117372ar, A. H., Gktrk, G. Y., Tura, G., Kazaz, N. (2012). Is the Internet Use an Effective Method to Cope With senile Loneliness and Decrease Loneliness Symptom?Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences,55, 10531059. doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.597Orsal, O., Unsal, A., Ozalp, S. S. (2013). Evaluation of Internet Addiction and Depression among University Students.Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences,82, 445454. doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.291Usman, N. H., Alavi, M., Shafeq, S. M. (2014). Relationship between Internet Addiction and Academic Performance among Foreign Undergraduate Students.Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences,114, 845851. doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.795

Functional areas of a business

practicable argonas of a businessOutcome 1Avril Montgomery1) free-spoken SystemAn open systems approach is a business approach that emphasizes commercially supported practices, products, specifications and standards. Motorola is an open system. Using this approach assists their long term success. They are equal to produce an appropriate output as they know the importance of gaining input from their surroundings. As a global leader in a wide fly the coop of technologies, the most important aim of Motorola is to maintain their position. Motorola is knowledgeable to the fact that technology develops rapidly and in order to access these technologies customers will require the latest ultramodern products. They aim to distinguish themselves from their competitors by creating cutting edge designs that meet the expectations of the customers. The launch of the worldwide marketing campaign Mobile Me which includes innovative design and wireless features has effectuate them apart from the ir competitors. Their range of Bluetooth wireless devices enhances the energetic experience for customers. Motorola is aware of the effect mobile phones and other electronic products have on the environment. They apply technical skills to subside negative effects to the environment at each stage of the product life cycle. One of their goals with regard to the environment is to produce products which contain minimal amounts of vicious chemicals or to cut them out completely.2) StructureDuring the 1980s, due to other mobile phone companies such as Nokia, Samsung and Sony creating strong competition, Motorola struggled to keep up. In order to change state the slump in sales, top managers at Motorola decided to improve the quality. This change was needed due to global competitors and changing technology. The plan was to aim for zero defects in the production. Motorola implemented a system called Six Sigma. Six Sigma is a business management strategy which attempts to identify and el iminate the causes of defects and mistakes in the manufacture and business process. The class was stretched out from operations to the other functional areas sales and marketing, personnel and human resources.Reorganising into four business areas during 2005, allowed Motorola to improve their response to the needs of the customers and environmental changes that have interpreted place. As 58% of the companys total sales were made up from mobile devices, Motorola views this as a significant contributor to their organisation.3) Organisational conceptsMotorolas structure is based on their products, these are Connected home solutions Connected home solutions Government and enterprise mobility solutions NetworksMotorolas functional areas are Research and development Sales and marketing Personnel and human resourcesFunctional areas were set up by Motorola to support the product areas. Marketing is a very important area as the views of customers can be obtained to determine what they want . It is subjective for the marketing and the research and development areas to work together to meet the needs of the customers. Technology is always advancing which means that the research and development area essential stay ahead to include these advances in their design. To adjust to environmental changes, it is necessary for all functional areas to work together.4) Advantages of Motorolas structure Continual development of knowledge in dealing with Motorolas complex products The structure allows Motorola to react quickly to environmental changes. This allows the company to respond to technological change. This form of structure allows Motorola to be extremely client orientedDisadvantages of Motorolas structure As the emphasis is the product, Motorola may have a problem of coordination They may be an apparent redundancy of effort and not much cooperation amid product areas Managers may focus on their line of work to the disadvantage of the company as a whole.5) Internal stakeh olderMotorolas business unit is managed by Ronald Garriques. He is responsible for the mobile devices business unit and has the authority to guide the business unit for defining the strategy for mobile devices. He must guide the mobile device business to succeed otherwise he will be responsible for any failure and have to accept that responsibility. He has authority in the organisations formal structure. In terms of the informal structure of the organisation however, his authority is limited as this is normally governed by a group of individuals. His power could be undermined by the group of individuals, which could perhaps be detrimental to the business.External stakeholderGreenpeace is a worldwide campaigning organisation that acts to change attitudes and demeanor, to protect and conserve the environment. As an extraneous stakeholder in Motorola they could have a big effect on the formal structure of Motorola. Although Greenpeace have no power in the formal organisation, they hav e influenced Motorolas behaviour in terms of the environment as Motorola have a policy and commitment regarding this issue. They can exert some degree of authority, by persuading Motorola to train their lag on environmental issues and getting them to have an environmental policy. Through education programmes, they have the power to influence groups of individuals, making them aware of the harmful effects that the substances in mobile devices has on the environment.

Brown v. Board of Education v. Today :: Comparative Essays Papers

Brown v. batting order of pedagogy v. Today Whenever I mountain pass into Foellinger Auditorium, its usually to att decision my econ lecture, and this time is different. Im not going to listen to a lecture about how the economy works, but instead to listen to a family that caused the nation to rethink the educational system. The famous Brown family was going to give a talk about the famous incase that carried their name and forever put them in history. The Brown v. Board of Education decision eliminated segregation in public schools, an injustice that so many African-Americans fought to end not only in public schools, but also public places. The Brown v. Board of Education decision was a step into the future where African-American and Caucasians could intermingle rather than be separated just because of race. Segregation in the early 50s had finally reached the end of its journey and a current law was made to ban segregation and promote integration.Walking into the auditorium, conversations about the excitement of the Brown sisters giving a talk about the historical decision, politics, sports, and early(a) everyday conversations could be heard. The auditorium filled with commonwealth of different ethnic groups, mainly Caucasians but several African-Americans came to hear the true story behind Brown v. Board of Education. I would have to say about 60 percent of the people were Caucasians, 25 percent African-Americans and the other 15 percent were either Asians or Hispanics. the great unwashed of all ages came to hear what the Brown sisters had to say some as young as the age of seven and some as old as in their late 60s. Children, undergrad students, grad students, professors, as well as people with other professions filled the auditorium, with undergrad students making up most of the people who attended. However, the auditorium was not full or as filled as one would expect knowing that the Brown family was going to discuss the Brown v. Board of Education decision, a disappointing reality.The long awaited talk finally started a few minutes after four. Susan Fowler, co-chairman of the Brown v. Board commemoration, started by introducing the ten engaging students who wrote to Linda Brown expressing their feelings about the Brown v. Board trial and decision. She then talked about how Project 500, established in 1968, recruited African-American students to the University of Illinois campus as a way to denounce the campus more diverse project 500 was a direct result of Brown v.

Great Lakes Directional Drilling :: essays research papers

Around the mitten shaped state of Michigan, five gigantic lakes encompass the coast. Providing a spot for vacationers, fisherman, and much wildlife, the Great Lakes are the pride and joy of Michigan. The history of the lakes stretches back greens of years, where glaciers carved the lakes out of bedrock. These lakes provided a surplus of food and access to mild travel for settlers hundreds of years ago. People around the Great Lakes area appreciate the diversity of wildlife, scenery, and rarity of such landmarks. When the question of whether to drill in these lakes for oil and raw(a) gas came up, it ignited many debates. Is our wildlife more important than oil to us? Or does the presence of oil and natural gas mean we can muck up our environment and endanger many different types of species, along with ourselves? We find ourselves in unique situation. A debate of whether it is right to dig up oil in the Great Lakes. The lakes are known to contain oil and natural gas, but what risk does that play to our environment? The two sides in this debate both fo under(a) their valid points. It is right to preserve wildlife, but oil is also a highly valuable commodity in todays market. People very much stress that we must take care of our artificial satellite because it is the only one we have. why then do we destroy thousands of square miles of rainforest for wood? Why is there so much emphasis on industrialization, and not enough on the preservation of our Earth? Why do we need to use so much, nevertheless waste so much? Our environment and world is declining at a rate at which we cannot afford. It result be sad to see our planet in another few hundred years. We need to start preserving our environment, and not drilling our Great Lakes for oil is a great place to start. If we drill for oil, we will lose much wildlife, destroy habitats, have possible oil spills, and in fact endanger ourselves in the long run. To extract such oil from under the Great Lakes, we would need to use directional drilling. To do this, the well is first drilled vertically, and then it is angled under the lakes at about four thousand feet to in fact reach the oil. This is a complicated process that had improved due to technology over the past twenty years.