How do changing approaches to geography affect the knowlege produced Essay

How do changing approaches to geography affect the knowlege produced about development in the global south over time - Essay Example observed that while some of the countries or the land areas have attained much higher degree of knowledge, many of the areas are still in the dark and just have commenced to get the light of the modern education system. The area that is broadly classified as the ‘Global South’ had been under prolonged ‘darkness’ with regards to education and knowledge. The citizens of the area were never treated at par with their counterparts of the other parts of the world, till recently. The development of the global south has been basically characterized by the globalization and the modernization. It has been because of globalization, the citizens of those backward areas could get the ray of hope as it had all the attributes of being huge market. The way the Chinese firms entered into the Nigerian textile industry is a perfect example of such effects of globalization. Without much advantages of the modern knowledge, Nigeria turned out to be the dumping ground of the inferior quality Chinese goods which ultimately destroyed the indigenous industry of the land (Akinrinade & Ogen, 2008). Though such acts of globalization had certain de-merits for those nations but with time the light of knowledge could be accessed in those backward countries too. The various types of knowledge used in those economies of Global South include ontology and epistemology. Ontology is that branch of philosophy that studies the reality along with categories of being and their relations. Epistemology, on the other hand, is a much broader term and provides due emphasis on the different facets of acquired knowledge. The epistemology, as the experts suggest, is also a branch of philosophy that takes in to purview the various features, scopes and limitations of the knowledge. The four basic attributes of the epistemology include the definition of knowledge, the way of acquiring such knowledge, knowledge of the people and the certainty of knowing what people know (Encyclopedia of Philosophy,

The Influences of Environment Essay Example for Free

The Influences of Environment Essay It is not difficult to assess the degree to which an individual is affected by the environment in which he lives. We know that climatic and social surroundings are no less influential. We know also that a person is born with the basic characteristics which are going to shape his personality and eventually his destiny. We can safely say that the interactions of both heredity and environment produce the individual. It would be interesting to analyse the effects of environment on the personality and activities of the individual. Social surroundings have an undisputed influence on people. Traditions and customs are the results of social relations in a group of people. These are often impressed on the individual who may either adopt them or oppose them. The individual often finds himself in conflict with such traditional institutions as marriage, family, religion and other established customs. The individual who rejects traditions is condemned by society and often ostracised. Individuals often have to fight against traditions. This continued opposition reveals the influence that such traditions have. The majority are just passively shaped by these traditions that have been inculcated in them from the cradle through school to adult life. Our basic personality is formed by society. 3 The powerfulness of social environment can also be seen in the everyday language we speak. The mother tongue is so called because the child assimilates naturally the language spoken by its mother. It is a scientific concept that all humans are â€Å"programmed† with the language ability, but what we speak depends on the social environment. The new-born Eskimo, if placed in an English-speaking environment, will grow up to speak English like the English. The mother tongue is learned in conditions different from those in which a second or foreign language is learned. The accent adopted by the individual also reveals the social milieu where he has picked up the language. Only the highly educated can hide their native accents. 4 The behaviour of the individual is often the direct result of social influences on him. It has been established that people exposed to harsh economic conditions are likely to turn to crime more easily than others. Though research has shown that criminal tendencies are inborn, that is of genetic origin, there is no doubt that social conditions help to externalise these tendencies in the individual. Whenever a society goes through severe economic conditions, like a recession, the crime rate tends to increase. The mass media have also been suspected to influence the criminal bent of people, especially the weaker individual who cannot think for himself. The unchanging geographical and climatic surroundings in which people grow have considerable effects on them as members of a social group. If today there are distinct national characteristics, it is because each group has been exposed to distinct physical or natural environments. Examples are numerous. The Eskimo is short and stocky because his cold, icy environment requires him to be so to survive. The people living along t he Equator are tall and thin so as to resist the heat. The colour of our skins has been fixed by the amount of sunshine we have been exposed to for generations. The Tibetans and Bolivians have large chests because their lungs have over the millennia become enlarged by the effort to breathe in rarefied oxygen in their high mountainous environment. 6 Eating and clothing habits, work activities, amusements are also directly dictated by physical environment. Those living along the coasts are likely to become sailors or fishermen. People’s activities throughout the world are conditioned by the landscape in which they live. The native Maori was a fisherman and a hunter, and therefore a flesh-eater. The Yorkshire boy until recently grew up to be a miner. It is only modern science and technology that have succeeded to some extent in decreasing the influence of environment on people’s activities. Primitive man used only what his immediate environment provided. Trappers in the north of America, Europe and Asia wore furs provided by their natural environment. 7 It is also generally accepted that weather and climate influence our character and mood. Weather influences mood because both are changeable. We are sullen when the weather is gloomy. We are lively and cheerful when the weather is fine. Poetry and songs in all times and regions have celebrated the coming of spring with cheerfulness and liveliness on the part of people. Also, in periods of heat or cold, our moods change for the worse or better. Astrologers and geomancers are convinced that stars and planets including earth influence and mark our lives in all their aspects – from character to intelligence, from luck to health, even life and death.

Sigmund Freud :: essays research papers

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud, an Austrian born during the Habsburg Monarchy, was one of the trailblazers of modern-day psychology. The american historiam william johnston sees freud, the father of psychoanalysis, among those personalities "that one made austria a shining example of modernism in a world that had lost orientation." In his function as a neuropathologist freud came to realize that he had no clear understanding of neurotic patterns despite his throrough studies of the human brain. From 1895 onwards he associated intensely with the Viennese internist Josef Breuer. Both discovered that hypnosis removed neurotic symptons. The case of patient Anna O. became famous. By applying this method, Freud came to understand the correlation between emotional disorders and the formation of mental (at that time mainly hysterical) symptoms. Through hypnosis as a method of "mental catharsis" the patient recalls and relives repressed traumatic situations and is eventually relieved and healed. Freud was now convinced that functional diseases had a mental cause. In the following he discovered how mental energies may casue physical symptoms. After breaking with Breuer Freid found out that the abnormal emotional state of neurotics was almost invariably associated with conflicts involving the sexual impulse. Based on these findings he develoepd his theory on repression and defense as well as the sexual aspect of neurotic behaviour. Freud was unjustly blamed with "pansexualism". His theories created a storm in meical circles and were often and heavily rejected. However, what Freud had theoretically taught most of his life was rather a "dialectic of the sexual impulse" than its omnipotence. After breaking with Breuer Freud carried on his research work alone. Instead of hypnosis he applied the method of "free association" with his patients and soon recognized the traumtic impact of early sexual experience during childhood, seducations on the part of adults, above all the parents. In 1877, suffering from his own neurotic crisis, Freud discovered in a brave self-analysis that patients' fantasies and wishful thinking rather than real experiences play an unconscious role in the onset of neuroses. Freud's findings broke new ground in often misinterpreted areas like infantile sexuality and led to a completely new and expanded understanding of sexuality. His epochal achievement was to help prove the existence of the psyche as an independent system. In "Traumdeutung"/"The interpretation of dreams" published in 1900, freud inveiled the dream as a disguised fulfillment of repressed wishes. Within the European culture and civilization was a sensational dsclosure of Freud's (sometimes also personal) fight for self-realization and truth. With his thoughts, Frued not only influenced psychology but also modern time's conception ofthe world. His principles advanced the technique of psychoanalysis, with himself as his first patient.

Ezhuthachan

Indian poet from around the 16th or 17th century, known as the father of the Malayalam language—which is the principal language of the Indian state of Kerala, spoken by 36 million people in the world. [1] In his era, Vattezhuttu, an old script originally used to write Tamil, was generally used in Kerala to write this language. However, he wrote his Malayalam poems in Arya-ezhuttu, a Grantha-based script originally used to write Sanskrit, so that he could accurately transliterate Sanskrit words into Malayalam. His works became unprecedentedly popular, which also popularized the writing system adopted by him, and that is the current Malayalam alphabet. He was born in Trikkantiyur ( , Tr? kka iyur), in the town of Tirur, in Kerala. At that time,it was a part of Vettattnad. [2] His personal name is Ramanujan. Thunchaththu is his â€Å"family name†, and Ezhuthachan (schoolmaster) is an honorific title or the last name indicating his caste. His name is transliterated in several different ways, including Thunchath Ezhuthachan, Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, and Thunjath Ezhuthachan. Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan lived in the 16th century,[3][4] or the 16th century. [5] He was born at Trikkantiyur (Trkkantiyur) in the Tirur municipality, Malappuram, Kerala, India. His birthplace is now known as Thunjan Parambu. According to Arthur Coke Burnell, he was â€Å"a low-caste man who goes under the name Tunjatta E? uttacchan, a native of Trikka iyur in the present [1874] district of Malabar. He lived in the seventeenth century, but his real name is forgotten; Tunjatta being his ‘house’ or family-name, and E? uttacchan (=schoolmaster) indicating his caste†. 6] In 1865, Burnell actually saw the manuscript of the Bhagavata translated and adapted by Thunchaththu, allegedly copied by his sister, preserved at Puzhakkal in the Chittur taluk, and wrote in his book published in 1874: â€Å"The author’s stool, clogs, and staff are preserved in the same place; it thus looks as if Tunjatta E? uttacchan was a sannyasi of some order. †[7] Some sources[who ? ] state that he was born into a Chakkala Nair among Nairs) family, held low among Savarna hindu caste system of Kerala and among the Nair caste. Some apocryphal legends have that Ezhuthachan's father was a Namboodiri . That version is totally ahistoric. [8] A few sources claim that he was of the Ezhuthachan caste. A. C. Burnell, a noted indologist, had categorically stated that Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan belongs to Ezhuthachan Caste only. He had stated this when he edited an article written by another important scholar F. W. Ellis when he published that article in â€Å"Indian Antiquery † in 1878 after the death of linguist Ellis. In that path breaking article Ellis articulated the evolution of Malayalam (â€Å"Malayanma†) and other south indian languages. F. W. Ellis had stated: A Brahman without a father must be born of an unmarried female of that tribe, whose celibacy ought to have been inviolate: he is considered, therefore, illegitimate, and has scarcely an assignable place in society. Elutt' Achan, or the ‘Father of Letters', was a Brahman without a father, and on that account has no patronymic†¦. The Brahmans envied his genius and are said to have seduced him by the ar ts of sorcery into the habit of ebriety†¦.. he enriched the Malayalam with the translations, all of which, it is said, he composed under the immediate influence of intoxication†¦. To which A. C. Brunell added the footnote: â€Å"Eluttachchan [sic] lived in the 17th century; there is no reason for supposing that he was a Brahman father's illegitimate son; he was certainly an Eluttachchan (or schoolmaster) by caste† Great Malayalam poet and historian Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer concludes Ezhuthachan as either Chakkala Nair or Vattekattu Nair. Sri K. Balakrishna kurup in his famous book â€Å"Viswathinte Kanappurangal† published by Mathrubhumi ptg and publishing company Kozhikode had stated that Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan belongs to Ezhuthachan caste. Prof. T. B. Vijayakumar noted scholar, historian had written many articles in all prestigious journals, like Mathrubhumi Weekly, had also stated that Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan belongs to Ezhuthachan caste. In nut shell, Ezhuthachan was a Kaniyan by caste and had a title Ezhuthu Asan in relation with his teaching service in Ezhuthupalli. In the Pre and early British ruling era of Kerala, the Kaniyans (traditional astrologers) were the only class who had undertaken the role of teaching letters, grammar, sanskrit and literature to non Brahmin communities. So they were known Ezhuthu Asan (Ezhuthachan in the vernacular), but, later this professional name was adopted by the descendants of families of non Brahmin disciples of Thunchat Ezhutahchan ,as a special caste or class. Most of these people were from Chakkala Nair and Kadupattan castes. [edit]Father of Malayalam language According to Dr K N Ezhuthachan, noted scholar, writer, essayist, poet, only Ramayanam and Bharatham belong to him. Others, usually attributed to him, were not really his . See his two volume selected works of Dr K N Ezhuthachan, published by Kerala Sahithya Akademi Thrissur. According to Dr K N Ezhuthachan even † Uththara ramayanam† is not of his. Its compostion lacks Ezhuthachan's stamp and genius. There may have been many popular keerthanas, namam or japam by other poets, but it was veritably impossible to find a single house in Kerala without Ezhuthachan's â€Å"Adhyathmaramayanam† during those dark times of war, disease and famine. There is no doubt about his contribution to the literary level of the common man. Ezhuthachan taught the people to respect and worship the language and the alphabet, a level of culture which is difficult to find even in the modern era. He refined the Malayalam language style and wrote his works for ordinary people, incorporating whatever is good with a strong sense of righteousness and worship. His contribution to the Malayalam language through the Adhyatmaramayanam (a translation of the Ramayana and â€Å"Mahabharatham† (a translation of the Mahabharata) is unparalleled, and his contribution in the cultural level is immense. His chief original works are said to include the:[9]: Keralolpathi Hari Nama Keerthanam – The song of the Holy Name â€Å"Hari† Ganapatistavam Kilippatu Prasthanam Devi Mahatmayam Kerala Natakam Harihara Sudham Various census reports (Census reports of erstwhile Madras presidency- Census reports erstwhile princely states of Cochin and Travoncore were also included in that) from 1870 onwards- Ezhuthachan Caste was shown as low caste sudra caste. [10] â€Å"†¦ [T]he phrase ‘father of language’ is a symbolic reference. Language represents culture. So Ezhuthachan is in fact denoting culture. He shone as a brilliant star above our culture. He renovated the alphabets of heart. We see the light of conscience and moderation in Ezhuthachan. We call him ‘the father of Malayalam language’ because he led the language to a new dimension. † – Chattanath Achuthanunni Chair Thunjan Festival meeting (1998 ) Great poet Mahakavi Kodungallore Kunhikuttan Thampuran who was a titan among poets, who singlehandedly translated entire Mahabharatham into Malayalam vernacular within short span of time, stated in an article in a literaray journal, â€Å"Rasikaranjini† edited by himself, that Thunchath Ezhuthachan belonged to Ezhuthachan Caste only. [edit]

Should Downloading Music Be Illegal.

Response to text- Why You Should Pay For Music by John Sheldrick Dear John, I read your article and I have some comments about it I would like to acknowledge about it: Firstly when you mention that you advocate a culture in which people actually want to spend money on music, but I actually think we should advocate a culture where everybody listens to music and not just the ones who have a computer and and a bank account, I believe that music should be a right and not a privilege and everybody should want to willingly listen to music.Then you argue that people value music but they don’t value it in the sense that they will willingly fork over $1 for a song, I have more than 2 thousand songs in my library, that is equal to 2 thousand dollars and I really don't have that extra money to spend and people usually don't like to spend their money on things they can get for free. I would much rather use that money to buy something else and if we had to pay for every single song we woul d like to listen to our music library would be much smaller and we could not enjoy music as much as we enjoy it when we have a large variety of it.For the consumer, music is not a product or a service. They pay for physical copies of music such as CD's, they pay for music sheets or for subscriptions to music services, but they don't pay for a song by itself. After that you state that artists now have no money to keep recording music and have to go on tours to get the money. I do agree that some artist that are not yet discovered should get support from their fans so they could keep recording music, but aren't musicians supposed to be doing music because its their passion?They are not supposed to go into the business because they want money and fame even though I don't see the artist at the top of the charts starving to death. Music is about passion and the ones who are recording music are supposed to want to bring their music to all kinds of people so they can enjoy it and the music ian is supposed to be satisfied with that and not be crushed because they are not the cover of a magazine. I also think that tours are a great thing, why listen to a record when you can go out and the real human behind the voice live and enjoy it more closely.It's clear that everybody thinks music should be free, because it's going to sell everywhere else. Why should the music industry care whether the money comes from a tour with $100 in profits or the exact same amount is brought in from CD purchases? In the end, it doesn't matter, money is still coming in and can be used to record more music. Then you talk about how music labels are closing because the lack of money they are getting but I actually think that record labels are trying to turn music into gold, music recording labels are getting a large cut of the artists money and are overcharging.The artist who are not yet discovered cant record a good album because the labels are asking for absurd quantities of money which the art ist cant pay, so the label closes and the vicious circle starts again elsewhere. I think labels should spend more time developing the artists because they would have a stake in them that extended beyond their recorded music. There is no possible way anyone could seriously work in music and be looking for money and a the same time state that they truly care about the musicians.In conclusion I think that we do need to support our artists, but that could be done a million ways other than paying an overpriced dollar for a song. With the internet now how can we be surprised when people now expect to get their music online for free? The internet file sharing and the advantages we now have in technology I see no way to make the clock turned back and force people to start paying again. So the business has to get creative and evolve away from the sale of recorded music and start receiving money in other ways.

Save Money in College 9 Useful Tips

Save Money in College 9 Useful Tips The college – or university – years can be considered a cruel time in one’s life: it’s when most students are on the cusp of adulthood, enjoying many of its perks and only some of its responsibilities; yet they’re also not quite adults, a majority of which are more like overgrown teenagers still dependent on their parents for financial stability, among other things. But, see, college tuition is quite expensive. It sets up many middle- and lower-class students for a lifetime of debt. This means these students generally want to graduate with a degree as quickly as possible, which implies they don’t have a great deal of time for making money – but rather a time for classes, homework, studying, taking exams, etc. So what little money students generally have (whether they’re given an allowance or have to work to support themselves), there are trying to hold on to it. The problem is this: ironically, due to the nature of the fundamental conflict most college students face – the aforementioned paradox – college can be a very thrilling, exciting time: being young, broke, healthy but feeling good about getting an education, as well as enjoying the many freedoms of adulthood. But, generally, being financially independent is not one of those freedoms college students get to enjoy.  This reality means being smart with money is even more crucial for the everyday student. 9 Proven Ways to Save Money in College: Set Up a Bank Account Quite a few banks offer college students free checking and saving accounts. This translates to avoiding fees on withdrawals as well as fund transfers; plus, with free checking, students aren’t penalized for having a certain amount, which is often the case with many banks. The student also benefits from having a bank account because they can monitor their own activity, especially with online banking. It helps them keep track of their money, when and where and how they’re spending it, and can help them save and plan as they move forward as adults. Save Receipts; Get Organized When one saves their receipts, they are essentially doing bookkeeping very much like a business would operate to keep tabs on their expenses, which is crucial for a business to grow and thrive. In order for a business to make money, it has to document and monitor spending so that it is not blindly losing money on things unnecessary. The same goes for any person. Perhaps it would be best if students were to record in a journal of all of their expenses, writing down information from their receipts to better budget and understand their spending habits. After a person begins seeing spending patterns, bad spending habits can be eliminated. Set a Budget – and Stick to it No Matter What Setting a budget is basically creating financial goals for certain periods of time. But what matters is adhering to these goals – all with the aim of ultimately saving money. Going back to keeping receipts: a student has to be cognizant of not only their financial obligations, such as paying bills and other required expenditures on time; they also have to be aware of their spending habits, such as going out to restaurants, spending money on retail, expensive outings, etc., so they can make sure they’re not being too frivolous with their spending. Most times, a student should set aside a certain amount of money each week for bills and necessary expenditures. But they should also cap a limit on the amount of money they can spend each week on other non-essential expenditures, like restaurant meals, drinks, and late-night food. Most importantly, to save money, students should put aside money each month that they will not spend – unless it’s an absolute emergen cy. Buy a Simple Phone Plan There are tons of affordable plans out there. But many plans are without Internet access, high-quality cameras, and voice-activated texting. And on a campus, that’s not a bad thing. The Internet can be accessed on almost every inch of a modern-day college campus. So, for those students trying to save money, who have to pay their own bills, it is most certainly a wise choice to buy a simple, cheap phone plan that has the most basic of functions. Buy that nice phone with the extensive plan after landing that first job out of college. Be patient – nicer things will come. Get a Job – It Helps Prioritize Time Again, it’s hard finding time to make money in college. But there are plenty of those who DO find the time. Some have no choice. They have to work to survive. It is very interesting to observe how the more things one has to accomplish in a day, the more they find they can get done. It’s all about time management. It’s about prioritizing what little time there is left in the day aside from classes and homework and studying. Remember: the more people work, the more they earn and save †¦ because they are not spending money while they earn it. Be Creative with (Legally) Obtaining Books for Courses There are numerous ways to obtain course textbooks in college without spending the required exorbitant amounts on brand-new ones. (Legal ways, of course; as in not stealing them.) For one, many books required for college courses – especially literature courses – can be rented from almost any library. On top of that, there are numerous resources that offer students the choice of renting most brand-new and mostly new textbooks for a very cheap price. In this case, the student only has to pay the semester-long rent fee and return the books in excellent condition at the close of the semester. Also, there is the option that students can form a sort of buddy system; they can find someone in their class with which they can share the price of the book needed for the course. Or they can just borrow a classmate’s book. Embrace Free Leisure Activities – Especially Those on Campus (The Ones That Are Deceptively Built into the Price of Tuition) Whether it’s using the campus-provided shuttle that takes students to nearby locations, spending time outside reading or engaging in other fun, free activities, or taking advantage of free on-campus events, such as concerts, talks and seminars and conferences, there’s no shortage of ways students can save money in college and still enjoy themselves. There are times for going out to restaurants; and there are times to stay at home and find creative ways to enjoy one’s time – activities that cost nothing. In other words, fun outings don’t have to cost a thing. Student Loans Can Help Save Money Short-Term The majority of students from lower- and middle-class families have to take out loans to afford college. Some academic institutions cost $30- $40,000 for two semesters; others – probably the majority – are about $15- $20,000 for two semesters. By taking out loans with banks, students can pay for their education years down the road, after they graduate, often in monthly payments, until they pay off their debt. So this way they DO save money while still in college, only they will owe more money over time to the bank because their loans will have accrued interest. (By the way, many students – through getting student loans to fund college – get to live on campus during these years without having to pay a cent. Most times this includes a meal plan, too. It makes sense. But it depends on the student’s financial needs and/or limitations.) Or, Live off Campus and Get Roomies Then, there’s the option of living off campus, in cheap housing, sharing the rent with roommates. It’s a wise choice for those who can afford to pay the rent, either on their own or with the help of their parents.

Free Essays on EEOL

In business at the Human Resource department there are many topics that raise discussion and cause controversy. One of these issues is Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO). The EEO was established to forbid discrimination based on an individual’s protected classification. EEO contains specific acts that are designated toward particular groups, such as; The Civil Rights Act (Title VII)-1964, Age Discrimination in Employment Act-1967, Pregnancy Discrimination Act-1978, Immigration Reform and Control Act-1986, Americans with Disabilities Act-1990, and the Civil Rights Act of 1991. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 encompasses organizations that employ 15 plus workers for a minimum of 20 weeks during the year. This act inhibits discrimination based on the protected classification of race, color, religion, national origin, and sex. In the law it distinctively states, â€Å"It shall be unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  based on certain affiliations. In reference to the Age Discrimination Act (ADEA) of 1967 this act is set forth to protect â€Å"older workers† which is considered 40 and up from any age discrimination. The ADEA pertains to virtually all employers of 20 or more. ADEA supports the employment process of â€Å"older people based on their ability, rather than age.†... Free Essays on EEOL Free Essays on EEOL In business at the Human Resource department there are many topics that raise discussion and cause controversy. One of these issues is Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO). The EEO was established to forbid discrimination based on an individual’s protected classification. EEO contains specific acts that are designated toward particular groups, such as; The Civil Rights Act (Title VII)-1964, Age Discrimination in Employment Act-1967, Pregnancy Discrimination Act-1978, Immigration Reform and Control Act-1986, Americans with Disabilities Act-1990, and the Civil Rights Act of 1991. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 encompasses organizations that employ 15 plus workers for a minimum of 20 weeks during the year. This act inhibits discrimination based on the protected classification of race, color, religion, national origin, and sex. In the law it distinctively states, â€Å"It shall be unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  based on certain affiliations. In reference to the Age Discrimination Act (ADEA) of 1967 this act is set forth to protect â€Å"older workers† which is considered 40 and up from any age discrimination. The ADEA pertains to virtually all employers of 20 or more. ADEA supports the employment process of â€Å"older people based on their ability, rather than age.†...

Worst Common App Essay Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

Worst Common App Essay Mistakes and How to Avoid Them Worst Common App Essay Mistakes and How to Avoid Them An application essay is a usual requirement when enrolling in a college or university because it allows the admissions department to look into your values and accomplishments other than your academic and extra-curricular records. In order to submit a good application essay, you must, of course, have good writing skills. There are a lot of essay writing tips you can find online, starting with common app essay mistakes that applicants usually make hindering them from actually constructing an app essay that will manifest their true personality and passion. There are several common app essay examples online. You can investigate as many as you can and learn as much common app essay tips as possible. Here are the common mistakes and some very useful tips you might want to consider when writing your application essay: Keep it organized. Before writing down your app essay, make an outline first of how you intend to go about it. This is to ensure that all questions are addressed as well as to keep track of your progress. An essay that lacks structure might confuse your readers and, in turn, fail to show what you really want your audience to know about you. Do not choose a topic and subject immediately. College and university applicants usually provide a list of topics to write about in their app essays. Before choosing a topic and a subject, look into the list carefully first and consider which one will best portray you in the most desirable way. Consider your passion, your interests, and the subjects you excel in. Do not beat around the bush. Once you have selected a topic and a subject, make sure to answer the questions. Read them carefully and ensure that every question or topic is accounted. Be particularly attentive to multiple-part questions because this is where applicants usually miss out on some points. Start with a really good introduction. A good start will encourage the admissions department to read on. This is especially applicable when they are reading thousands of app essays which are already starting to look very generic by then. Make a good impression as early as possible. Avoid ambiguous answers. Remember, the admissions department wants to see your character and spot your potentials. In order for them to do that, you have to let them into your life through your app essay so avoid constructing an essay that is generic and instead is more specific and descriptive. Avoid being too lengthy. A lot of common app essay prompts specify the required word count so make sure to strictly follow the limit. The admissions department will look into your ability to understand instructions and follow them accordingly and non-compliance to these instructions could even lead to your disqualification. Mind your tone. The tone of your essay must maintain a certain level of decorum. After all, it is an academic paper. Try to avoid sounding sarcastic or too humorous. While the goal is for the real you to manifest, you also have to remember that you have to put yourself in the best light possible. Make it a mutual relationship. Another common mistake that applicants make is sounding too one-sided in their app essays. Do not make it appear that you are only looking forward to the benefits the college or university can offer but also what it can benefit from you. Do not rely on a single spell checker. Most students will probably draft their app essays in a Word Document which has its own spell checker but do not rely on this solely. You have to double check it yourself and make sure your grammar is perfect. You can, of course, ask a family member or a friend to check for you. Do not overlook the small things. Remember that good essays do not necessarily have to be grandiose. Simple thoughts and simple words can go as deep as well and even reach out to more audience because it is easier to read and understand. In fact, some of the best and most memorable essays come from the simple conversations but are nevertheless valuable and very engaging. Avoid writing about volunteer trips. While community service is always a good thing, it will less likely impress the admissions department, not with thousands of other applicants writing about it, too. Remember that you have to make an extra effort for your app essay to stand out so instead of writing about generic answers and experiences, try including something that is out of the box or unique. Avoid stating the obvious. Your app essay is not a reflection of your resume so do not make it appear like it is. The point of these essays is for the admissions department to look into your values and other characteristics that are otherwise unavailable in academic records. Instead, include things that will showcase your personal qualities such as leadership skills and strength of character. Do not be too aggressive. There is nothing wrong with being a go-getter but if you cross the line and come out as being too egoistic, it will reflect badly on your application. Try to balance your strengths with weaknesses but make sure to include how you have or intend to overcome these weaknesses. Do not forget to edit and proofread. Never submit an essay after the first draft. Essays require editing and proofreading more than twice to ensure that your thoughts are aligned and your grammar is perfect. You might want to wait a few hours or even a day after your finish your first draft to edit to make sure that you are looking at it with fresh eyes and perspective to easily spot errors and mistakes. Do not miss the deadline. You have to thoroughly plan out your application by making a timeline to track your progress. Start early, research the requirements, make a checklist, and ensure you follow it accordingly. Try to spare extra time in case you need to make more revisions than intended.

TEM, SEM, EDS in Electron Microscopy Coursework - 1

TEM, SEM, EDS in Electron Microscopy - Coursework Example A selected area aperture is inserted into the back focal plane of the objective lens to select the required beam. When the direct beam is selected, a bright field image is formed, and when the diffracted beam is selected, a dark field image is formed. Bright field image The given micrograph shows a bright field image of a MgO crystal. The crystal specimen appears dark with a bright background. The background appears bright because only the direct beam of transmitted electrons is selected and let to pass through the aperture. The surface topology and the raised texture on top of the crystal are clearly observable. This kind of image is obtained by placing the objective diaphragm or the selected area aperture in the back focal plane of the objective lens. The aperture allows an only direct beam to pass through while blocking the diffracted beam. The direct beam appears as a bright central spot. The aperture also maintains the collection angle. As seen in the ray diagram below, the obje ctive aperture blocks the diffracted beam, allowing only the transmitted beam to reach the image plane. Darkfield image The given micrograph shows a dark field image of a MgO crystal. The crystal specimen appears lighter than the background. The background is dark. The edges of the crystal are highly pronounced. ...In case of the dark field imaging, also called as the central dark field operation, the selected area aperture is not shifted, but the incident beam is tilted to allow the scattered electrons in the diffracted beam to pass through the objective aperture. A collective ray diagram for both bright field and dark field imaging is given below: Selected Area Diffraction Pattern The given micrograph shows the selected area diffraction pattern of a MgO crystal. The lattice structure of the crystal is easily decipherable from the given SAED pattern. Diffraction from a single crystal in a polycrystalline sample can be captured if the aperture is small enough and the crystal is larg e enough. To obtain such a pattern, the selected area aperture is placed in the image plane of the objective lens and used to select only one part of the image. Using projector lenses to focus on electron beams to obtain small spots on the object surface, the diffraction patterns can be obtained. Using this pattern, the lattice of crystals can be easily studied and it is also possible to determine the orientation relationships between grains or even different phases. 2. (a) From a lattice image obtained from a single crystal of BaZrO3 (Fig. 4) determine the magnification. Compare this with the magnification obtained using the scale bar.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Leadership - Essay Example In the financial year of 2012, the company recorded sales of $ 83.7 billion, the total equity of the company stands at $ 63.4 billion while the assets are to the tune of $ 132.2 billion. P&G Company changed the structure of their business in 2011 and formed two ‘Global Business Units’ that were further sub divided into ‘Business Segments’. From the new structuring, the company came up with the following segments; Baby care and Family Home Care, Snacks and Pet Care, Grooming, Fabric Care and Home Care, and Beauty Care (Baucus, 2011, p.18). This new structuring was proposed for easier channelling of the products to the market for marketing enhancement purposes, considering the management of P&G and the staff, the board of directors comprise of eleven members that manages the company with the CEO, chairperson and the President of the company being A.G Lafley. The company is one of the 500 fortune companies and was in 2008 considered top one hundred employers in Canada, the Company is also a member of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition (Watt 1998, p.13), this company operates in most of the continents including manufacturing operations are based in Africa, China among others (Canedy 2012, p.17). Company’s Analysis As indicated in the introductory part, P&G also is an American multinational company spread in many countries including UK. As such, the company faces several challenges that it has to handle and this needs leadership management for efficient delivery of the required solution (Penford 2005, p.22). There are many challenges facing businesses all over the world and there has to be a strong leadership management at the helm, a leadership that is result oriented comes and can navigate the challenges fort the business keep track in the right direction of productivity. Considering this, analyses is done for P&G Company in the United Kingdom to understand the key challenges confronting the business, the model that has been used in this case is PEST analysis (Vinwood 2001, p.19). PEST model is a useful tool that is mostly engaged to understand the market growth or decline that may be experienced by a company, in this regard, the analysis that is accrued from PEST can be conveniently used to project on critical factors in an organization like potential, direction as well as the position. It is thus important to do a PEST analysis of a company occasionally to understand the critical factors that may be bedevilling its performance (Hardesty, 2008). Political Factors As it is known that P&G Company mainly deals on the personal cleaning and laundry products as their mainstream products, there are several political challenges that have been found to be affecting the company in UK. The indigenous companies in the country like Hospec Company are favoured by the tax legislations enacted in the country; this is away from the funding and grant given to the companies by the government. The taxation policies given to P &G are making their products very high not to favourably compete with the domestic products in the country in terms of costs (Crick 2012, p.21). In this regard, one of the challenges facing the company in UK is balancing the cost of their products so that they can be the same with the indigenous products; the Company has to balance this for adequate competition with other local companies in the UK. If the company

Division of Time table Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Division of Time table - Essay Example 300 min/wk General Science Biology Chemistry History & Social Studies 750 min/wk 750 min/wk 750 min/wk History Eastern History Western History Arts 100 min/wk 100 min/wk 200 min/wk Music Traditional Music Regional Music Humanities Livelihood 100 min/wk 100 min/wk 100 min/wk Home Economics Work Education Entrepreneurship Technology Integrated w/ above 100 min/wk 100 min/wk Computers Internet & Website Design, Computer Game Development Animation Health & Physical Education 100 min/wk 100 min/wk 100 min/wk Sports - Swimming Sports - Volleyball Sports - Basketball, Soccer Values 100 min/wk 100 min/wk 100 min/wk Values Values Values Explanation of Curriculum According to the U.S. Department of Education (2008), the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 is an act to "close the achievement gap with accountability, flexibility, and choice, so that no child is left behind" It includes important provisions which specifically address mathematics, reading and language arts, and science, at the very least. As such different states have formulated their own academic standards to comply with the No Child Left Behind Act. In the Pennsylvania Code (2008), planned instruction for every year for K-2nd grade should include language arts, integrating reading, writing, phonics, spelling, listening, speaking, literature and grammar, and information management, including library skills; mathematics, including problem-solving and computation skills; science and technology education, involving active learning experiences for students; environment and ecology education, involving active learning experiences for students; social studies with civics and government, economics, geography and history; health, safety and physical education, including instruction in concepts and... afety and physical education, including instruction in concepts and skills which affect personal, family and community health and safety, nutrition, the prevention of alcohol, chemical and tobacco abuse, knowledge and practice of lifetime physical activities, personal fitness, basic movement skills and concepts, motor skill development, principles and strategies of movement, and safety practices in physical activity settings; the arts, including active learning experiences in art, music, dance and theatre. Planned instruction for 3rd to 5th grade shall include all the previously stated learning areas for K to 2nd grade, with the addition of instruction about agriculture and agricultural science within the science and technology and environment and ecology learning areas; and the understanding and use of library and other information sources.

Social Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Entrepreneurship - Essay Example For example in monotheistic business environment, a business is more likely to be favored in terms of business performance since it can manipulate market forces to its advantage. Share our Strength's faces great competition from competitors and has only succeeded in that, it has continually applied strategic measures in all its important decisions. Share our Strength's performance has been termed as sterling by many business analysts. The chain of businesses has recorded an after taxes profit of above $1 million. By applying concepts like vendor managed inventories as well as just-in-time concept, Share our Strength's has continued to maintain leadership in the wines and foods market in the US Share our Strength's, endeavors to remain a low-cost retailer, and by that it has been very effective in maintaining market attractiveness. By all means, Share our Strength's has achieved low cost retail prices something which has contributed to client faithfulness. This is core in terms of ensuring that, by utilizing this strategy, Share our Strength's is able to save extra costs associated with poor planning. By keeping products and services as low as practically possible, Share our Strength's can afford to lower prices since there are less expenditures. In long term this contributes to industry attractiveness. The other area in which the company has achieved competitive advantage is in terms of adapting information systems. By choosing to be a low cost producer the organization has set out to be a market leader. In terms of incorporating information technology, Share our Strength's has computerized its purchasing systems to incorporate E-purchasing. As purchasing strategy e-purchasing is economical, reliable and cost effective. Compared to a competitor who does not recognize the e-business concept, Share our Strength's has been able to save a lot by embracing e-business as a marketing strategy as well as incorporating ebusiness in its internal and external processes. In the case of Share our strength, competitive advantage is also dependent on how company utilizes and takes advantage of buyer power at its disposal, the threat of substitutes, supplier power, ease of entry as well as the intensity of intra-industry activity and convert all of those factors to its advantage. By integrating IT through out the whole retail chain Share our Strength's ensures that, its partners are free and feel respected and therefore trade is done in an environment of cordial relationships. Share our Strength's principal functions and activities include; purchasing, distribution

Coursework for LLB final year Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

For LLB final year - Coursework Example In Harry and Sally’s case, Sally should agree to divorce Harry before she can make any financial claim from him.1 Sally can claim for long term and short term maintenance payments from Harry. The claim that Harry cannot offer Sally any help since his business has been hit by the recent recession is not admissible in court2. Also, the amount that he is pledging i.e. $1000 for three months is not sufficient. This is because Sally has two dependants who require basic amenities such as food and proper shelter. Additionally, Lara goes to a private school and has private music practice while Gregory has chronic illness that requires constant medical care. Thus, the amount that Harry is offering is hardly enough2. Therefore, Harry should pay more money for maintenance since his family clearly needs more than he is offering. The money should be enough to afford the family a comfortable life since the children are too attached to Sally, who is unable to work due to Gregory’s illness. According to law, child support is accorded to children until they reach the majority age. Harry should, therefore , continue to pay increased amounts of money for the children’s upkeep until they reach this age. Sally has a remedy of obtaining a lump sum from Harry as salary and upkeep for the time she was working for him. When they married, Sally quit her job to support Harry in his practice. She worked for him as his secretary without pay. They built the business together. Though the decision to quit her job is purely a family matter, the fact that Sally worked for Harry has legal backing. Therefore, Harry had a legal obligation to pay Sally a salary as his employer, which he did not fulfil. Harry should, therefore, pay her a lump sum that reflects the salary for the years that she was his employee. Fringe benefits including medical insurance, paid leaves and bonuses should also be included in this lump sum amount. The

Apple Company Domestic and International Market Research Paper - 1

Apple Company Domestic and International Market - Research Paper Example Understanding the domestic market is a necessary requirement to determine economic performance and forecast on future objectives. Apple has initiated innovative strategies that ensure they stay relevant in the market, even with the high price of their products (Davies, 2007). However, the European market has reported slow growth because of competition from the android, Microsoft and windows phones. Asia and other emerging markets such as Africa provide a fertile ground for Apple’s expansion. Cook maintains that segmentation to Asian countries has been beneficial, and it has been able to claim a considerable share of the market. The international market involves multifarious factors such as cultural adaptation, political interference, and consumer trends in the region. Apple has a considerably large market in Europe and Asia that presents diverse consumers of its products. Planning and strategizing is necessary to capture such complex markets, especially with the current competition and globalization concerns (Davies, 2007). HP and Dell are two large competitors in the international technology market that concern Apple. While China provides Apple’s largest international market, Europe provides a considerably large market for their products. However, it has declining sales in the international market (Asia and Europe) that is worrying. Apple plans to retain most of large financing outflows in the domestic market. Capital expenditures, share purchases, and dividends characterize the outflows. Its international target market largely hinges on a well-off market, and Asia presents a large market for this objective as the nation continues to build on its richness. The company has no intentions to reduce the price of its commodities or manufacture inferior products to widen its international market. The iPhone, despite its high price, remains to be a considerable selling point for the Apple products. It perceptibly will dominate the international Asian market, just

Coursework for LLB final year Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

For LLB final year - Coursework Example In Harry and Sally’s case, Sally should agree to divorce Harry before she can make any financial claim from him.1 Sally can claim for long term and short term maintenance payments from Harry. The claim that Harry cannot offer Sally any help since his business has been hit by the recent recession is not admissible in court2. Also, the amount that he is pledging i.e. $1000 for three months is not sufficient. This is because Sally has two dependants who require basic amenities such as food and proper shelter. Additionally, Lara goes to a private school and has private music practice while Gregory has chronic illness that requires constant medical care. Thus, the amount that Harry is offering is hardly enough2. Therefore, Harry should pay more money for maintenance since his family clearly needs more than he is offering. The money should be enough to afford the family a comfortable life since the children are too attached to Sally, who is unable to work due to Gregory’s illness. According to law, child support is accorded to children until they reach the majority age. Harry should, therefore , continue to pay increased amounts of money for the children’s upkeep until they reach this age. Sally has a remedy of obtaining a lump sum from Harry as salary and upkeep for the time she was working for him. When they married, Sally quit her job to support Harry in his practice. She worked for him as his secretary without pay. They built the business together. Though the decision to quit her job is purely a family matter, the fact that Sally worked for Harry has legal backing. Therefore, Harry had a legal obligation to pay Sally a salary as his employer, which he did not fulfil. Harry should, therefore, pay her a lump sum that reflects the salary for the years that she was his employee. Fringe benefits including medical insurance, paid leaves and bonuses should also be included in this lump sum amount. The

Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise in Markets Essay - 5

Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise in Markets - Essay Example This essay focuses on Google company that is a very successful modern and innovative company because it excels in the three fields of innovation, entrepreneurial skills, and developing opportunities. Its business success is probably unprecedented, that's why the researcher explored the company in the essay. Google has grown into a multi-billion dollar industry in just over 13 years. The researcher investigates Google’s business history and their key strategies from the perspective of three ways, such as their innovative strategies, their partnerships, and acquisitions. This strategies have given them an edge and made this organisation such an amazing success story. It is hard to squeeze Google into management theories because it only innovates; that is how it runs its operations and finances. Marketing theories are based on creating/selling products that people demand, whereas at Google, employees work hard to create something new that is good enough to create its own demand. Additionally, when a multi-billion dollar company such as Google hunts for venture capital investment from anywhere and everywhere around the globe, it shows it operations by its own rules and does not fit into any orthodox management theories. No one can contest its business operations because of the entrepreneurial achievements for which it is known. After discussing Google from the three aspects stated above, this essay draws solid conclusions as to what can be deduced from the discussion and analysis.

The Impact of Technology on Todays Society Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Technology on Todays Society Essay â€Å"How has technology changed our lives? † Throughout the years we have been experiencing a dramatic change in the world of technology. IPhone’s, Blackberries, and laptops are becoming an important part of our daily lives. We are all so dependent on these devices that sometimes we treat them as if it is part of our family. Technology has become a priority for many people, and it is likely that people with choose technology over many other things. Although technology has made life easier for us and more convenient, there are several ways in which it has damaged the quality of our life. First, technology has a negative impact on our social life; second, technology takes over our free time; and finally, technology has negatively changed the way we learn. In the twentieth century technology is definitely something that the world cant live without. We can never put an end to the development of technology, but people should consider the massive amount of damage this wonderful creation is putting upon us. People are starting to become dependent and emotionally attached to these technological devices. It is becoming very difficult for today’s generation to spend a few hours, or even minutes without the usage of technology. These sorts of desperations towards technology changed people’s social lives. Though they have created social networking websites such as â€Å"Facebook†, It is not an effective way to communicate with people, simply because conversations are very vague. Communication is talking to friends in person, not texting them, or talking to them online. The computer is like a wall between you and the real person that you just cannot get through when you are texting. People who tend to communicate with others on the computer and talk to their friends over instant messaging or texting surely do not know the meaning of socializing. Even though some may be very shy, the technology will give them even less confidence to go out and socialize with people with real people. Roy McGregor (2012) analyzes the negative impact of technology on our lives and he states â€Å"We are physically short of breath, emotionally short of tranquility, and relationally short of hours required to focus on the people most important to us† (p. 149). People tend to spend more time using technology rather than connecting with their families and friends. Starting a long detailed conversation with someone in person is almost impossible, simply because there is not enough to talk about, and people are adjusted to quick way of talking through text messaging. A couple of years ago families setting around the dining table and talking about their day was a normal routine, but that is no longer the case for most families, since there are portable devices that could be taken any where, even the dining table! Technology has departed families and friends, taking away the attention we deserve from people who are important to us. Furthermore, technology is taking over our free time. People are always busy using their â€Å"Time saving devices† (McGregor, 2012, p. 148) when it is actually destroying their time, even when they are free. Whether we are at school, work, or at home there is always something to do on the Internet, or on T. V. There are many activities that people could consider doing on their free time, for example out door activities, but people choose technology because it is becoming a number one source of amusement. In the â€Å"Embraced as a Time Saver, Technology Has seduced us into Giving up so Much† article, the author states the following: â€Å"What these devices have done, he argues it squeeze what used to be free time down to practically nothing† (McGregor, 2012, p. 149). According to McGregorwhat used to be considered as free time is now being taken over by technology. Today’s young generation is being affected the most by this era of technological devices. If the world of technology continues to be used in a non-effective way the future generations may suffer a lot from this in terms of this addiction towards technology. Decreasing the unnecessary usage of technology might actually improve the quality of an individual’s life, by allowing them to make time for more exciting activities, and creating a better life for them selves and the future generations. Technology has changed the way people gain knowledge. We don’t read books as much as before, because the information that is being provided on the web is only a click away. Our relationship with the Internet has impacted the way we read information that is being provided to us. Reading is becoming a difficult task for many people, because it is hard to stay focused and read a page, without the flashy colors of the computer screen. In the article â€Å" What the Internet is doing to our Brains† the author states, â€Å"Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages. I get fidgety, lose the thread, and begin looking for something else to do† (Carr, 2009, p. 87). In our generation we cannot get through a research assignment without the use of the Internet, because we just want quick notes, and easy access to information. The Internet also changes the way we think, because online articles are very basic and broad information that is being given to us, so we do not take the time to actually judge the information that is being provided. Everything on the Internet has already been summarized, therefore leaving no space for the brain to actually perceive and analyze knowledge that is being provided to it. Although the Internet has made our lives so much easier, by providing us immediate results, it has a negative long-term effect by decreasing our level of intelligence. In conclusion, although technology is a great accomplishment for the human race, it has not completely improved our quality of life. We are definitely fast paced and effective, but technology has gone to far and it has been negatively affecting some important aspects of our daily lives. Technology has affected our quality of life. It causes isolation from our social life, it takes away too much time, and finally it has negatively affected the way we absorb and gain knowledge.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

A. Setting:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Year: 1940’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Location: Maycomb, Alabama   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Period of Time: Three Summer’s B. Point of Veiw:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First Person C. Begining:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scout, the main character and narrorator of the story, Jem, her brother, and Dill, their neighbor friend that visited every summer, loved to act out stories they knew. They did all kinds of stories like Tarzan and Dracula. Signaling the end of summer and the absence of Dill, the school year began. Scout started school, having a very rough first day. The days flying by, the school year passed quickly for Scout and Jem. Looking forward to seeing Dill again, they found the summer fast aproaching. Begining to play their game as soon as possible, they grew tired of acting out the same old stories, wanting to do something new and exciting. Jem came up with an idea, playing Boo Radley. The story of Boo Radley, the neighborhood weird guy, went as follows: Boo going slightly crazy, stabbed his father in the leg with a pair of scissors. Being a small town, everyone knew the story but no one realy knew or understood what hapened. So they began to act out the story of Boo Radley. Scout played Mrs. Radley, Jem-Boo Radley, and Dill played Mr. Radley. Making their scenes more complex everyday, the three entertained themselves for most of the summer before Atticus caught them, forbidding them to play that game again. D. Two Characters:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scout, the main character, is a tomboy. Knowing she can do anything her brother, Jem, can do she is confident and able to stand up for herself. She never let anybody push her around, for instance, when Walter Cunninghum, refusing to take the money from Miss Caroline, accidentally got her in trouble she beat him up. The other main character is Jem. Wanting to get Boo Radley to come out, he goes to all kinds of lengths to acheive his goal. Like losing his pants over the fence trying to sneak over to Boo’s house. E. Summarization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atticus took on a case for a black man accused of raping a white woman. The case did not go well and Atticus’s family went through some rough times because of the case. Atticus’s sister Alexandria came to stay with them during the case and Scout developed a strong dislike for her. The jury decided the black man was guilty and Jem nad Scout took it hard. Dressed for her part in the school play, Scout and Jam are attacked on their way

Leprosy :: essays research papers

Leprosy Leprosy or Hansen’s disease, is a chronic, infectious disease that mainly affects the skin, mucous membranes, and nerves. A rod shaped bacillus named Mycobacterium leprea, causes the virus. Mycobacterium leprea is very similar to the bacillus that causes tuberculosis. The reason Leprosy is also known as Hansen’s disease, is because it was first identified in 1874 by a Norwegian physician named Gerhard Henrik Armeur Hansen. Leprosy appears in both the Old and New Testaments. In the bible Leprosy was not the disease that is recognized now, but as various physical conditions that were nothing like the disease. A punishment from God was what these conditions were considered to be. The victim was said to be in a state of defilement. This Hebrew term was translated as lepros, which the word leprosy came from.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The disease’s probable origin was the Indus Valley that is located in India. Leprosy spread from there to the Mediterranean region and North Africa, then all of Europe was affected. This disease is much less common now, as the world case count has dropped below 1 million. During 1995 about 530 000 new cases of leprosy were discovered. It is obvious that third world countries have way more cases as India, Indonesia, and Myanmar account for almost 70% of the cases reported in the world. 5500 know cases of Leprosy still exist in the US, and about 200 cases a reported annually.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tests to produce leprosy in experimental animals, have not been successful as of yet. Though the organism can be grown in Armadillos, several laboratories have been reported cultivating leprosy in the test tube.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of sensation in a patch of skin is often the first symptom that Leprosy displays. In the lepromatous form, large area’s of the skin may become infiltrated. The mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat may be invaded by large numbers of the organism. Because of damage to the nerves, muscles may become paralyzed. The loss of sensation that accompanies the destruction of nerves may result in unnoticed injuries. These may result in secondary infections, the replacement of healthy tissue with scar tissue, and the destruction of bone. The classic disfigurements of Leprosy, such as loss of extremities from bone damage or the so-called leoline facies, a lionlike appearance with thick nodulous skin, are signs of advanced disease, now

Ballet & How Are Ballet Dancers Trained?

Raise your arms and bring your fingers together over your head. Now lift one foot, point your toes, and strike a pose. You are doing ballet. Ballet is a form of dance with graceful steps and arm movements as well as leaps and spins. We also use the word ballet to describe a story performed to music, using ballet dance techniques. Ballet performances include not only dance and music but also costumes and scenery.Some of the most popular ballets are Swan Lake, The Nutcracker, and The Sleeping Beauty. HOW ARE BALLET DANCERS TRAINED? Girls who study ballet generally begin by age eight to ten.Boys often start later. Ballet training is hard work. Ballet students must develop strength, balance, and flexibility as well as grace. They must learn a set of movements and gestures. Girls also learn to dance on their toes. They usually begin pointe (tip-of-the-toes) work after three years of training. All ballet students practice five basic positions of the feet. These five positions form the basi s of almost all ballet steps. All of these positions are performed with the legs turned outward at the hip. The feet should be able form a straight line on the floor.The turned-out position gives a dancer a more pleasing â€Å"line. † Line has to do with the placement of the dancer’s body, in motion and at rest. All parts of the dancer’s body must be placed in the correct position to achieve good line. Training can improve a dancer’s line. Good line gives a dancer the greatest stability and ease of movement. It also makes the dancer’s body seem light in weight. All dancers take daily classes to keep their bodies flexible and strong. Most classes begin with warm-up exercises at the barre, a railing that dancers hold onto for support.The second part of the class consists of slow exercises that develop balance and fluid (flowing, not jerky) motion. After this, dancers practice quick movements, such as small jumps and leg extensions, and then large ste ps, turns, and leaps. WHO CREATES BALLETS? Ballet dancers work with their bodies to perform the movements in a ballet and achieve dramatic effects. The choreographer is the person who decides what movements the dancers will execute. The choreographer chooses a story or theme for the ballet. He or she also decides on the music. Sometimes, the choreographer uses music that is already written.Sometimes, music is composed specifically to accompany a new ballet. Choreographers may create ballets for specific dancers. In that case, they try to show off what these dancers do best. WHY SO MUCH FRENCH? The language of ballet—its rules and steps—developed over centuries. The steps were first named in France, and they have kept their French names. For example, when the body spins on one foot, the step or movement is called a pirouette. This French word once meant a spinning top. A pas de deux, meaning â€Å"step for two,† is a dance for two dancers. En pointe, on the tip o f the toes, comes from French words meaning â€Å"on point. †

Mcdonald’s Corporation in the New Millennium Essay

Hamburger or non-hamburger segment put high value on healthy food such as chicken burger or salads. The fast-food industry becoming healthier than before and the potential customers whom care what they eat will go to McDonald’s get they want. The competitive strategy is toward to hear what customer want and create new life style such as healthy food or vegetarian food, and changing fast for keeping original client and gaining more as well. Answer to Q3: Strengths for McDonald’s: No. 1 Fast-food chains- have bigger market share than others. Weakness for McDonald’s Image of McDonald’s fast-food is unhealthy-got to change unhealthy image to healthy one. McDonald’s have large market share than others fast-food restaurants. It strengths are more people could know the news of McDonald’s and easy find it out when have new product or promotion McDonald’s should change the image to that fast-food is healthy food, and plus large share market, McDonald’s future will attract more healthy food lover and doing well for its customers. Answer to Q4: In my opinion, McDonald’s should develop a separate strategy for heavy user segment. According text book† Some of these customers visit fast-food restaurant 20 times per month and spend up to $40 per day in them. † McDonald’s could develop new strategy for them such as home delivery for free order more than $49 or other promotions. Product Strategy Product strategy begins with a strategic vision that states where a company wants to go, how it will get there, and why it will be successful. † †Product strategy is like a roadmap, and like a roadmap it’s useful only when you now where you are and where you want to go

Marketing Channels

Running head: DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Distribution Channels and Their Impact on Marketing Strategies Name: Institution: DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Abstract This paper discusses the importance of choosing appropriate channel members and also identifies and discusses criteria that should be used by the car compact disc player manufacturer when evaluating potential intermediaries for the firm’s distribution channel. This is important for this firm since it’s only through these marketing channels that their product is going to reach the consumer. The customer in this case is the auto makers who are intended to buy the newly developed compact disc player to fix them in the automobiles. The method for marketing this product is therefore crucial. In our study it is specified that the manufacturer uses two distribution channels. In one case he distributes the CD player directly to the auto makers and in another case he distributes the product to electronic stores. Key words: Channel members, criteria for choice CHANNEL DISTRIBUTION Distributions Channels and Their Impact on Marketing Strategies Distribution channels are the key determinants of how any manufacturing company reaps from the products that come from their manufacturing plants. Characteristically, approximately half that price paid for merchandise by a purchaser is engrossed by activities involved in delivering that product to the consumer (Julian, 2008). Channel members are particularly important since directly affects certain factors such as customer service, product delivery and availability. Julian (2008) argues that the cost of marketing any product has increased over the past 15 years while production cost has reduced. This is because the market has segmented and media and distribution channel have multiplied. As a result, the choice of a channel member is based on value analysis, same way consumers do when they analyses products before purchasing. This paper focuses on choice of appropriate channel member and the criteria that we should use to chose the best channel member. Discussion The choice of a channel member is of paramount importance. A marketer has to determine the benefits reaped from utilizing a certain channel partner and compare this with the cost incurred for using this service. Some of benefits of choosing an appropriate channel member include cost saving in specialization. Rolnicki (1998) argues that specialist members of distribution perform the task more efficiently and at reduced cost than companies, who lack the experience in this field. Next is reduction of exchange time whereby the products reach the intended final consumer in time, since the channel member is experienced in what they do. The third benefit is customers want to convenience shop for variety. Julian (2008) stresses that customer CHANNEL DISTRIBUTION will always prefer distributor outlets that have a variety of products, in order to reduce the time they spend shopping. Therefore resellers have to purchase different products from different distributors and stock them in one centre so that the customer can access these commodities from one location. Fourthly the resellers have to sell the commodities in small quantities so that the consumer can manage the price. This is known as bulk breaking as described by Rolnicki (2004). The reseller also creates sales when there is demand for the product. Sometimes they perform active selling role using persuasive techniques (Gorchels, Chuck & Marine, 2004). They also offer financial support to consumers whereby they sell goods to them on credit, purchasing using payment arrangement, delaying launch of payments and allowing trade in or barter trade. Resellers also provide information on the product and therefore help market the product. The channel members who handle the producers’ product to the end user are most important. This is because the customers will always associate these products with the last person who sells the product to them. If the channel does not match the customer’s needs, it is likely that the manufacturer is going to lose customers and the sales volume is going to reduce (Rolnicki, 2004). Bert (1998) explains that the best channel that any manufacturer should prioritize on is one that makes the end product user happiest, so that they are always willing to buy again the same product from the same channel member. So it’s up to the manufacturer to select a marketing channel that best serves the interests of the customer. There are various criteria that are used by the manufacturers to evaluate potential intermediaries for firm’s distribution channel. Among this criteria include 1. Lot size 2. Waiting time DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL 3. Spatial convenience 4. Product variety 5. Service backup I will discuss each of the above criteria which should be used by the compact disc manufacturer to evaluate for an appropriate distribution member Lot size: – this refers to the number of units a typical customer is allowed to buy by a marketing channel in a particular buying occasion. When the lot number is small, then grater output service should be provided by the channel (Kotler, 2000). In our case above, if the compact disc player manufacturer selects a channel member that offers small number of CD players to buying customers, this means increased costs for the manufacturer, and an alternative channel member should be sought. Waiting time and delivery time:-this refers to the length of time that the customer waits, for the receipt of goods. Customers always prefer delivery channels that are fast and efficient. Fast delivery of services requires output levels of great services (Kotler, 2000). The CD player manufacturer needs to engage a channel member that provides fast services at convenient time to the customer. Spatial convenience:-This expresses the extent to which the marketing channel simplifies the purchasing of the products by the customers (kotler, 2000). Customers will always prefer to purchase the products which do not involve so many formalities and that are easy to buy (Bert, 1998). The CD manufacturer should involve a channel that meets this requirement. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Product variety:-this refers to the breath of assortment that the particular marketing channel provides. Customers always prefer a marketing channel that offers grater assortment breath because this will most likely meet their exact needs (Kotler, 2000). In regard to this the CD Player manufacturer should consider also incorporating an installation kit alongside this product so that the customer buys the whole package from one place. Service backup:-This refers to other services that are provided by the channel. Such services include installation, repairs, credit and delivery. A channel that’s provides more backup services is considered to do more work (Bert, 1998). In such a case therefore the channel is more costly. In the CD player manufacturing firm the marketing manager should understand the output services required by the target customer, provided the increased output services means increased costs for the channel and higher prices for the customers. In conclusion with review of the importance of channel distribution and criteria for evaluation of distribution channels discussed above, the company can market its compact disc in a smart way meaning that all criteria used should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Reference Bert, R. (1998). Marketing Channel. Olorando: Harcourt Brace College Publisher. Dent, J. (2008). Distribution Channels: Understanding and Managing Channels to Market. London: Kogan Page Limited. Gorchels, L. , West, C. , Marine, J. E. (2004). Managers Guide to Distribution Channels. New York: McGraw Hills Companies. Kotler, P. (2000). Selecting and Managing Marketing Channels. New York: Prentice-Hill. Rolnicki, k. (1998). Managing Channels of Distribution . New York: Amacom Division America Management. Marketing Channels SUMMARY REPORT What is marketing channel? Are sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or services available for use or consumption? They are set of pathways a product or service follows after production, culminating in purchase and use by final consumer. The importance of channels: One of the chief roles of marketing channels is to convert potential buyers into a profitable order. Marketing channels also represent a substantial opportunity cost. Different consumers however have different needs during the purchase process. Nunes and Cespedes argue in many markets, buyers fall into four category 1. Habitual shoppers- purchase from same place in the same manner over time. 2. High value deal seekers-know their needs and channel surf a great deal before buying at lowest possible price. 3. Variety-loving shoppers-gather information in many channels take advantage of high touch services and then buy in their favorite channel, regardless of price 4. High-involvement shoppers-gather information in all channels, make their purchase in a low-cost channel, but take advantage of costumer support from high touch channel. The role of marketing channels Delegations mean relinquishing some control over how and to whom the products are sold. Producers do gain several advantages by using intermediaries: 1. Many producers lack the financial resources to carry out direct marketing. 2. Producers who do establish their own channels can often earn a greater return by increasing investment in their main business. 3. In some cases direct marketing simply is not feasible. Channels functions and flows: It will be discussed one by one. Using a chart Channel levels: It will be discussed one by one. Using a chart Marketing Channels The shifting of the flow as per the example that Is given in the question will be by making he distribution of the product in the department stores or the drug stores or even from the distributors directly by selling to the customers but this will make the sale of the Independent Beauty Consultant decrease because most of her customers will have many other ways to purchase the product that they are used to buy and this will let the beauty consultant not have the ownership of the product. N the other hand all the department stores and the other stores selling the products to the customer will face a high selling as most of the customers will be shifted to them because of he new distributors that has Join the marketing flow. Many other customers will go and buy the products directly from the company as they will be selling the product directly to the customer and it will be with less price then all the other distributors because it will be a direct from the owner of the product. C.Nine customers role In all n s Tow w Titter Trot Dulling Lyreco Trot ten Death consultant or the other shops because each business is targeting their own benefits and it will be the best way for the customer to buy the product directly from the tatty consultant as they will buy only the products that they really need and the ones that suites them. The beauty consultant will be able to recommend to her customer the products that they need because of the knowledge and experience that she has gained. Her main target will be gaining the customer satisfaction to build a long term relationship with them to improve her business.But on the other hand all the other stores will focus on the percentage of selling the item because there main purpose will be increasing the percentage of sales in their business. Page 30 – Question 6 Selling and Servicing an Ultrasound Machine I I Hospital Emergency Room I Academic Medical Researcher on a tight government-funded budget using the machine for lab oratory research I Descriptor I Service Outplacement Level I Descriptor I Service Outplacement Level I Bulk-breaking I Emergency Room Needs very high qualification machines that meet all the needs.I High I The Lab needs a machine that fulfills the researchers need. I Medium I Spatial Convenience I Search for the best quality and brand machine that is offered by the companies and distributors. I Medium I Search for the lowest cost machine that is found in the market based as the government budget. I High I Waiting and Delivery Time I Emergency room cannot wait because always the machines have to be ready for any emergency that may happen anytime.I High I After getting the machine the Lab can start to continue their researches. I Low Assortment animadvert I The Emergency Room needs the best quality and brand to suit all the needs of the hospital. I High I The Lab needs a simple machine for the use of the researches only. I Low Customer Service I The distributor has to give their recom mendation for the best brand and quality that will satisfy the need of the Emergency Room.

Book Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Book Report - Essay Example Since its inception, the trend of watching television is growing and evolving. Latest research reveals that the growth in this trend is becoming explosive with new technologies and their prevalent use by youngsters. In her book, â€Å"Television and Child Development,† a psychologist from University of Waterloo, Judith Van Evra presents a comprehensive summary of research about the impact of television and other media on children’s physical, psychological, emotional and social development. She integrates the currently known research from child development, communication and cognitive and psychological domains to present a balanced view that reveals the complications and layers of the relationship between children’s interaction with media and other factors influencing their perceptions. In this comprehensive third edition, Evra has included seven new chapters in addition to updating the previous chapters. Now, the book also includes research about media other than television, for instance, realistic video games, mobile phones, pagers, DVDs, computers, internet, cable and other wireless devices. However, major emphasis is laid on the research with developmental approach towards the interaction between television and children (Bachen, 2007). Newly added chapters explore research methodology, cultural diversity and stereotypes. It includes current perceptions, changing lifestyles, health preferences, nutrition, body image, sexual behaviors, drug and alcohol addiction, internet and media influence on social and behavioral aspects of a child’s development. Two chapters are particularly dedicated to the utilization of modern technology for getting instant and speedy information through internet, influence of internet advertising and entertainment technology, such as music and video games which create gender and social differences, and aggression among children. New addition also covers intervention strategies, media literacy, technological aids,

Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Change - Essay Example Technical issues can be dealt with expertise while others require the managers to make use of emotional intelligence to control the matters. In a vast majority of cases, both occur together in the change implementation cases. Flexibility is the key to success in change management. Certain adaptive and technical competences are vital to be successful as a change manager. These competences have been presented in this article after a thorough analysis of past research pertaining to the subject. Change science is fundamental to bringing about the behavioral change in the workforce. It enables the leader to define the objectives, tasks and milestones in a way that is conducive for higher motivation in the workforce. Change art is required to manage the factors that are driven by behavior and emotions. Change leaders can get to know their initiatives more clearly using change art. Change art collects information from the surroundings, evaluates it and generates useful information for the c hange leaders so that they may realize the measures needed to raise the motivation of workforce. Change art places more emphasis on behavioral goals than technical goals and hence, may compromise upon technical specifications as deadlines and milestones.

Current policy intervention relevant to adult social care and its Essay

Current policy intervention relevant to adult social care and its impact on one of the groups - Essay Example The objective of this report is to define how the Valuing People white paper offers new opportunities while at the same time issuing solutions to existing problems in the implementation of the recommendations, so that adults with learning disabilities including their families can live complete and independent lives as part of their local communities. The report is aimed at the concerned government agencies and advocacy groups involved in implementing the white paper, particularly the National Health Service and the national Directorate of People with Learning Disabilities. The report covers the historical treatment of people with learning disabilities, especially how state sponsored care practises influenced the formulation of Valuing People policy intervention. Secondly, a critical evaluation of the white paper strengths and weaknesses on the wellbeing of people with disabilities is provided, based on existing literature, government reports and accounts of people undergoing the services offered under the policy intervention. The report uses various local learning disability services in England by evaluating their guidelines, policy implementation and practises. Finally, the report provides solutions to the weaknesses affecting the users of the services provided under the Valuing People intervention. A key limitation of the report is that, it did not interview in person individuals with learning disabilities, and as such these findings cannot be entirely generalized to the wider UK community. The De Prerogative Regis of 1334 was the first legal effort by the England crown state in administering community based care for individuals having learning disabilities (Puri, 2005, p.2) Even before the industrial revolution, the society did not recognize the fact that individuals with learning disabilities should be supported to live their own lives, as workers, parents, tenants or even home owners (Race, 2002, p. 24). Since they were

The Hanging Gardens of Bablyon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Hanging Gardens of Bablyon - Research Paper Example This construction, which came to gain fame being regarded as a wonder of the World, was done by this king for the pleasure of his wife, who was dissatisfied with her new home city. Her homesickness for her native land in Medes forced the king to create something that would keep her occupied, hence the Hanging Gardens. These gardens, despite the claims that they were only legendary, are widely reported by various ancient writers in the Greek and Roman age. The description that is given of these gardens provides a hint of the architectural feat that was achieved in an age that is believed not to have had any significant technological advancement. The construction achievement of these gardens has been a matter of speculation from the ancient times. The manner of their construction still puzzles most architects and historians who have dedicated themselves to its study using what was said concerning them by the ancient writers. It is said that they came to be destroyed by a series of eart hquakes, which hit the area after the second century BC. The ancient writers, mentioned above, describe these gardens as having been designed to use something akin to the Archimedes screw for irrigating the gardens, which were planted on terraces (Dalley and Oleson 2). The Archimedes screw is a device, which from ancient times, has been used to transfer water from low-lying water bodies to irrigation trenches. This mechanism has within either it a screw inside a hollow pipe and this screw can be turned manually or using a windmill. As the screw moves, its bottom end collects some water that slides up the pipe until it pours out of its top and it is distributed to the irrigation systems. This mechanism was used for draining water out of mines or other places with low-lying water, and it is logical to assume that it was also used to irrigate the Hanging Gardens. Based on the descriptions of the gardens provided by the ancient writers, it has been estimated that they would have require d at least 37000 liters of water every day. The watering mechanism for the gardens was controlled by a number of people who had been appointed to the task. They manually turned the screw, ensuring that there was a permanent water flow to the irrigation channels. The water needed was acquired, using the mechanism described, from the nearby Euphrates River from where it was carried to the very top of the gardens. From there, a system of irrigation channels had been constructed to allow for the efficient flow of water down the slopes of the garden. These channels were exceptionally well hidden, and only those who knew where they were had any knowledge of it. This made the water flow from the top of the gardens look remarkably natural as was intended by its designer. The flowing water served two main purposes for the garden, the first of which is that it allowed for the efficient irrigation of all the plants in the garden, ensuring that none of the plants lacked water. The second purpos e was to create the impression of a waterfall, and this profoundly enhanced the beauty of the garden, especially when considers that this was a dry region. The sight of flowing water must have made quite an impression on the local people and considerably enhanced the reputation of both the garden as well as its builder. Therefore, in order to

Unit 7 Case Manegment Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 7 Case Manegment Discussion - Research Paper Example The environment may not be supportive of that since he may find himself getting back to drugs again. He is therefore requesting case management to assist his friends who are still in the streets to get off drugs. He is asking his parents not worry about him anymore since he is now drug-free. He may not be sober but he can be able to take care of himself and he wishes his parents could understand that. He also wants people to change their attitude towards him. Most people think he can’t take care of himself because he is been a drug addict before .They also think he can’t take care of his dog. But the fact is, he is very responsible and takes good care of his dog, takes it for a walk in the park and ensures it has a lot of food. He also travels with him everywhere he goes. My client is in the maintenance and relapse prevention stage. This is the stage where a patient is trying to incorporate new behavior and avoiding any slips. My client having been a drug addict, he has changed his drug-life behavior and trying to start a new life. He is also doing his best in avoiding any slips despite the neighborhood being full of drugs and addicts. To help the client in the stage to move forward, I will recommend that he relocates to a drug-free neighborhood to avoid any event of falling back to drugs again. I also recommend that he be re-united with his family and let them and other people accept him and support him by seeing him as a transformed and responsible individual. He will also need constant counseling to help him through the whole process. One guiding principle of the Recovery Model that relates the interaction with the client is that Community involvement as defined by the user of service is central to the recovery process. This is directly related to my client since it’s the community group that helped him to get to where he is. Were it not of this community that is still donating household foodstuff,

SingTel Group Essay Example for Free

SingTel Group Essay SingTel Group is Asias leading communications group, providing a diverse range of communication services and solutions, including fixed, mobile, data, Internet, info communications technology, satellite and pay TV. They are listed as the largest company in Singapore Exchange by market capitalization. They are also listed on the Australian Securities Exchange as a result of our acquisition of Optus, the second largest communications provider in Australia on September 2001. In addition, the SingTel Group is a long-term strategic investor in six regional mobile operators in India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan and Bangladesh. To serve the needs of multinational corporations, SingTel has a network of 36 offices in 19 countries and territories throughout Asia Pacific, in Europe and the USA. The SingTel Group serves about 383 million mobile customers in 25 countries. In Singapore, SingTel has 130 years of operating experience. SingTel has played an integral part in the development of the country as a major communications hub in the region. Today, SingTel continues to shape the digital media and ICT market in Singapore. Despite full liberalization since 2000, SingTel remains the leading mobile, broadband and fixed line operator and in July 2007 ventured into home entertainment with the launch of mio TV. In September 2010, SingTel launched high-speed fibre services, with distinctive applications focusing on entertainment, convergence and productivity enhancement for home and business users. SingTel is a long term strategic investor. As a strategic investor, they work closely with their affiliates to grow the business, by leveraging their scale in networks, customer reach and extensive operational experience. SingTel’s affiliates benefit not only from the relationship with SingTel. By being part of a larger group, they are able to share experiences and insights from one another. These learning help affiliates as they navigate challenges and take advantage of opportunities in their own markets. In the future, the Group continues to review new investment opportunities in Asia and emerging adjacent markets and will be financially disciplined in its evaluation of new investments. (Sustainability Report, 2010) Purpose of the analysis As the Asia Pacific‘s best multimedia solution group, SingTel believe that creating and delivering value to customers, employees and shareholders is fundamental to their business. They are making communication easier, faster,  more economical and reliable by breaking the barriers of distance, price, time and technology. Singapore Telecommunications Limited (SingTel) has over 130 years of operating experience and has played an integral role in the development of Singapore as a major communications hub in the region. SingTel are doing well to bringing the best-in-class global communications solutions to customers. So, the purpose of this analysis to provides an overview of SingTel’s approach, priorities and performance in the area of sustainability for business operations and how they work with their regional associates. Their policies and programs are covered under four key areas – Marketplace, People, Environment and Community. Moreover, remaining success for many years, SingTel has been competing with many players within specialty market. This paper is to analysis the different factor of Singapore environment affects on the specialty telecommunication industry and competitive environment of SingTel and its core competences in order to win in the market battle 2. Macro environment analysis There are many factors in the macro-environment that will affect the decisions of the managers of SingTel. Tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes are all examples of macro change. The PESTEL model will evolve in Singapore market in order to understand the influences and demands, which will help the company to pursuit of the organization goals and sustain the business. It also provides the flexibility for the company to have effective response to adapt the external environment. 2.1. Political- legal Recently, â€Å"the Liberalization and Privatization of Telecommunications in Singapore† supported by Telecommunication Authority of Singapore (TAS). The telecommunications industry as well as SingTel particularly entered a phase driven by fast-changing technology, which is stimulated by the demands of increasingly sophisticated end-users. To meet these demands, there has been a worldwide trend towards privatization, liberalization and deregulation in the telecommunications industry. This trend has created many opportunities, as well as challenges for SingTel. Liberalization, deregulation and competition thus offer a viable approach to ensuring the provision of better quality of services at highly competitive prices. SingTel also stimulate  more innovative services aimed at satisfying the needs of different market segments with custom-made solutions. In Singapore, the liberalization policy is aimed at increasing consumer choice and stimulating greater efficiencies in the use of scarce resources. In 2009, the Info-communications Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) has made a decision with regard to SingTels exemption request for the Business and Government Customer Segment and Individual Markets. This helps SingTel to seek exemption from the application of Dominant Licensee regulation to its provision of telecommunication services in six individual markets, all retail telecommunication services to customers in the business and government customer segment with an annual spend on telecommunication services of at least S$250,000. (IDA Singapore, 2009) Singapore has one of the most advanced Information and communication technology (ICT) networks in the world with very high levels of access. This has been possible due to the small size of the country as well as rising levels in income and government commitment to telecommunications excellence. SingTel was originally a monopoly on the ICT field until the market opened up to the other companies. (NUS.edu.sg) 2.2. Economics Economic situation is one of factor affecting to SingTel business directly. Globalization has jumped national boundaries, opened and increased trade and business has also an opportunity for the company. Thus, the using of telecommunications device and services has increased globally and the trend is expected to continue. This provided SingTel the opportunity to invest oversea, to enlarge the market and maintain profitability. Recently, the Singapore government has invested heavily in diversifying the economy. The business sector will create good environment to support and motivate the workforce as well as establishing the legal and financial business framework. All the economic sectors will continuously grow such as tourism industry, financial service, consultant service and retail. The growth in various economic factors presents the opportunity for SingTel to increase business locally. Furthermore, the telecommunication services are closely linked to economic activities in Singapore and region. So, SingTel need to have a good preparation to take the full advantage of effects such as the change of income and consumer spending habit. 2.3. Social – culture Singapore Culture is unique with four major ethnic groups: Chinese, Malays, Indians and Eurasians. They are still strongly believed in their traditional value although the younger generations has started to adapt with the western culture. Especially, there is a phase in the mindset of Singaporean that â€Å"kiasu† means â€Å"afraid of losing out to other†. With this mindset, many young Singaporean has worked hard to expect high income and pursue the new and modern technology. They are always changing in their lifestyle, purchase behavior and the demand the high standard of quality and services. These present an opportunity for SingTel increase their revenue by offering the new and customized the product and services A change is taking place in the mobile industry. Customers are increasingly engaged with their smart phones and Internet devices to perform functions for work and leisure anywhere, anytime. Richer applications and services will be delivered over mobile networks. In fact, for many regional and rural customers in the developing markets, they will be accessing the Internet for the first time through their mobile phones. SingTel has seen this fact and moved to meet customer demand. 2.4. Technology Technology has changed and developed rapidly and continuously nowadays. New services such as Internet Telephone and the increasing of telecommunication users are the reasons for company to invest developing new technologies in products and services. In the current business, SingTel covers telephone line, e-commerce, Internet and mobile services. But SingTel has indentified e-commerce and Internet-based activities, which there are significant growth with customer segments. So, the technological investments are an integral part of SingTel’s strategy for long-term growth. Also, the high investment in proven technology was the critical factors made SingTel succeed in the past. 3. Key Opportunities and Threats of SingTel In the telecommunication industry with 4 main external environment factors that are affecting SingTel, it creates the opportunities as well as the threat for SingTel. Opportunities Threats Singapore has highest income per capita in Asia Singapore is the most advance information technology hardware infrastructure in the world. Merger and acquisitions The higher penetration rate in Singapore Refocused its oversea in investment in Asia Trend of deregulation and privatization. Customer demands and expectations. Rapid growing of technological changes The economic crisis StarHub and Mobile1 as new competitor Faced competition from foreign callback service. Government creates competition. 3.1. Opportunities Because of high demand of the market and the operating environment of SingTel is very competitive, which means that the company can see the environment will the same or more challenger in the future. However, the company still has opportunities to maintain the status as leading telecommunication company in Singapore and the region. Firstly, Singapore has highest income per capita in Asia. This affects on the purchase behavior of customer tend to use internet and telecommunication service in daily life as well as in the workplace. Secondly, Singapore is the most advance information technology hardware infrastructure in the world. This is a good condition for the telecommunication industry development generally and for SingTel in particularly. It was not just in Singapore market also it is the SingTel strengths to enter oversea market. Such as SingTel also offers hybrid satellite-fibre solutions to penetrate customer needs in Asia Pacific, USA, Europe and Middle East markets. Moreover, SingTel brings more than 25 years of experience in delivering industry-leading satellite communications. The innovative solutions empower to offer state-of-the-art communication solutions that will create value and optimize communications for customers. Especially, the trend of deregulation and privatization were opportunities for SingTel to take a big step in improvement quality and price of service in the highly competitive environment. 3.2. Threats Demand is growing so it will create a more intense competition among telecommunication companies. StarHub and Mobile1 are considered as major competitors of SingTel. Thus, the expectation of customers is increasing toward the demand of quality and service standards. Even when SingTel invest in but never found out service solution to customer, it will become very difficult to access them, especially when the company wants to penetrate markets in developing countries. During the recession of the world economy has greatly affected the SingTel development. At this time, when the effect of currencies by the inflation and the pricing storm in product and service, the people have to narrow their demand. Additionally, the merger of SingTel to Asian countries strongly influenced by the global recession. This has greatly affected the sales of SingTel in the region. The foreign callback service was a threat affect to SingTel when the price of this service is even cheaper than SingTel service. Also, when SingTel is joining their business globally, they must follow the various regulations and laws in different countries. These provisions tend to be stricter with foreign companies in this industry because the government wants to protect their local industry. This is also a challenge for many companies included SingTel. 4. Competitive environment analysis By application of Porter’s five forces model, it helps to find out the business strategy problem of evaluate the investment value of SingTel. An understanding of this, it suggest for SingTel to know which key success factors are necessary to cope with the competitive forces. C:\Documents and Settings\Nguyen Dung\Desktop\porterfiveforces.gif 4.1. Threat of Substitute Products (High) The importance of fixed line is slowly decreasing as a convenience method. The threats of substitute for fixed line telecommunication is high and replacing by VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) and mobile phone applications, which can be a benefit for reducing communication and infrastructure costs. However, the fixed line telecommunication is still using widely in almost company included SingTel. This is proved its convenience and efficiency by coming of interim price and non-price term for fixed line telecommunications services under the new telecommunications access regime. These services are currently used as inputs by competitive communications companies to provide voice, facsimile and broadband internet  products to consumers and businesses. 4.2. Power of buyers (High) Buyer affect a company through their ability to force down price, bargain for higher quality and more services and play competitors against each other (Wheelen and Hunger, 2010). The bargaining power of supplier is high for SingTel because of the increase of various communication and low switching cost. Customers can choose to use internet telephone over fixed line service. In Singapore, there are two big competitors as StarHub and Mobile1, where SingTel have to consider to their products and services. The customer has many alternatives in the standard and undifferentiated between SingTel products and others. 4.3. Power of Suppliers (Moderate) On one hand, there is a balance of power between suppliers and telecommunication companies in Singapore, so the power of suppliers is moderate. On the other hand, suppliers are not able to compete directly with present customers because of the geographically extensive networks and the effort to make long term contracts can be difficult for the telecommunication market. 4.4. Threat of New Entrants (Low) Every potential entrant into telecommunication industry is required a license issued by the Telecommunications Authority of Sing Singapore (TAS). Meanwhile, as the security issues are highly sensitive in the operations of telecommunication services, the Singapore government will scan very carefully before accepted the license. Moreover, the new entrant required capital as a key factor and the new entrant can measure the sufficiency of financial resource. As the market dominated by SingTel that is equal to others companies. Given the entrance barriers are high, so the effort of a new player in telecommunication industry is low. 4.5. Intensity of Rivalry (High) There are several factors related to intense rivalry. The number of competitors has increased while the industry’s growth has slowed down, have caused the strong industry rivalry. M1 being the main competitor that have huge resources and strong power. SingTel have to watch each other carefully to step among their competitors. Moreover, as the products and services  characteristics that required the high investment as well as low mobility of fixed costs and infrastructure make it difficult for the company position in telecommunication market. 5. Core competencies In order to be successful, SingTel human resource and brand image must be value, rare, imperfectly inimitable and non- substitutable compare with other companies in same industry (Barney, 1991). Value: SingTel’s successes are based on customer focus. By understanding their needs and anticipating to them, SingTel enhance business success by offering to customer value and quality service, meanwhile they are always looking for the creative and innovative ways of doing business and sharing a passion for making a difference. Moreover, leadership team and employees are the most important assets for the company. By working as one team with share goals, they are developing strong bonds by communicating and sharing knowledge. By contributing value to everyone, this encouraged the open discussion and commit to an agreed position. As the leadership and superior position, their performance is achieved through pursuit of personal excellence. They seek continuous improvement and take pride in what they do. Together, they celebrate the success and achievements. Therefore, human resources are most valuable resource of SingTel. Policies to bring the training programs for staffs and managers to not only aware of their responsibility to implement and set the example in the implementation of the value of the company, also train them have a vision of the future business. Rare: Beside the commitment to provide a healthy and safe environment for employees, SingTel created an environment to get human resources where the people were not only achieved the goals, also the people can work in the harmony and share value to take responsibility and make commitments to customers. This will become very rare if not any company can do this while the business moral is slowdown toward benefit ahead. SingTel is committed to reducing environmental footprint through concerted practices. They address and focus on managing environmental protection, resource conservation, waste reduction and the impact of operations. These internal processes will allow the company to monitor, assess and mitigate the significance of any adverse impact of business on the environment, society, customers and employees. By addressing the social concerns that are critical to the well-being and  sustainable development of the communities in which SingTel operate. SingTel supports a wide range of programs focused on two strategies: SingTel Touching Lives Fund (STLF) is our corporate philanthropy program in Singapore to support community programs and disadvantaged children and young people. Support community development to prevent disaster relief and reduce illness in the communities in which SingTel has a high potential impact. Imperfectly inimitable: Through integrating best-in-class human resource practices for talent recruitment, retention, development and employee welfare, the company nurture and groom future leaders to power SingTel’s sustainable growth. SingTel attract the top talent around the world because of the employee diversity is integral to business success as every employee bring their unique skill and work experience to enable grow the global market. To ensure equal employment opportunities within the company based on non-discrimination and fair employment policies, all employees are selected on merit and their ability to perform the specific job functions. So, the human resource strategies were the sustainable competitive advantages that no company can imitate. Non- substitutable: Staying ahead of the competition in this dynamic telecommunications industry is an ongoing challenge for SingTel. Therefore, the element of non-substitutable is the necessary weapon to compete on the marketplace. The SingTel efforts will focus on the new market and satisfied customers. With SingTel, is not only committed to action when the things broken, but it is a long way to desire customer and make them smile to SingTel product and service. It was also the investing for future to adapt the flexibility of the market needs. Moreover, if without the ability to commit to good governance, will not be tied with the members to go on long road full of challenges and hardships. SingTel recognize good corporate governance and transparency are critical to ensuring the long-term success and protecting shareholder interests. This also aligns with the corporate objective to strengthen market leadership and corporate reputation. 6. Conclusion Based on the position of specialty telecommunication industry, as well as SingTel capabilities and core competences, they are doing well, but SingTel should make the strategic actions to overcome threats. Firstly, concentration is an effective strategic action to reduce cost, where SingTel  need to realize the weaknesses in business strategy. Through improvement structure of operations and the scanning continuously of internal economic, SingTel can in the long run reduce production, distribution and service cost to the advantage of the consumer as well as the company. If SingTel can do this, SingTel will achieve status of the lowest cost telecommunication services provider. This allows the company to increase the competitive advantages. Secondly, Research and Development (RD) is an investment to company’s future because when the current product lines outdated by their competitors, they will lose sufficient. RD will useful for engineering work that it give own wholly and safety as well as provide the lower per unit cost. This helps SingTel to pursue cost leadership position and against the potential competitors.